Bears - IUCN

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Thirty-nine different bears were transplanted within the park a total of 50 times. Sixty percent of these transplants were successful in preventing subsequent returns to developed areas. Six bears that returned from transplants and one injured animal were intentionally destroyed. Eight bears were donated to zoos. Five other bears were unintentionally removed from the population because of drug malfunctions, or the animals charging personnel who were attempting immobilizations. Attempts to donate grizzlies to states to reestablish populations in suitable historical habitats were unsuccessful. Destroyed animals were processed as scientific specimens for educational institutions. Two persons were injured in a campground by one grizzly bear in 1970. This is lower than average incidence of injuries for the previous 10 years (Figure 2), but valid tests for differences will require data from a series of years. One additional injury occurred in a backcountry area when a hiker approached too close to a female grizzly with a cub. This was the fourth such incident over a 41-year period. The scheduled closure of the last open-pit dump for 1971 or 'the earliest possible later date' could result in some bears visiting developed areas that do not already do so. Fewer such 'new' visits may be expected to the extent that (1) successive generations of young bears do not become habitually linked to food supplied by humans, and (2) the interactions between the variously dominant and subordinate animals that use this dump are not intensified or prolonged by gradually reducing the amount of garbage that is hauled to the dump. Contingencies listed in the park's program if bear visits to developed areas 'exceed control capabilities or lead to excessive numbers of animals being destroyed' are: continue to use the dump beyond the scheduled closure; manipulate campground opening or closing dates; restrict camping to trailer or pickup units; temporarily close campgrounds, if necessary. Removals of incorrigible bears are expected to not exceed 10 percent of the population during 1971, and to decline to negligible levels in subsequent years. Only a temporary minor depression of grizzly population numbers seems possible, because the annual production of cubs exceeds any envisioned removals of bears, and an increase in the survival rate for young animals appears imminent. Martinka's (1969) comparisons of data from his studies with that from Yellowstone Park and other areas indicate that a high first-year mortality of young grizzlies (35 to 40 percent) occurs in population segments that concentrate at garbage dumps. Comparative mortality rates from the cub to yearling class in two naturally distributed bear populations were about 5 and 7 percent. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank Dr. Adolph Murie, Moose, Wyoming, Dr. A. Starker Leopold, University of California, and Mr. Clifford J. Martinka, National Park Service, for reviewing the manuscript. Yellowstone Park Rangers Dale H. Nuss, Gary N. Brown and Gerald E. Mernin provided information and reviews of manuscript sections on bear control and visitor protection activities that greatly aided interpretations of management results. Administrative reports and file records had been maintained by the Ranger Division of Yellowstone National Park. The paper is a contribution from the National Park Service's Office of Natural Science Studies, Project YELL-N-38. 287
REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOCKER, M. G., WOODGERD W. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C. Jr. 1960. Trapping, immobilizing and color-marking grizzly bears. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 25: 347. , CRAIGHEAD, F. C. Jr. & RUFF, R. L. 1964. An ecological study of grizzly bear. Environ. Res. Inst. and Mont. Coop. Wildl. Res. Unit, Sixth Ann. Rep. 18 p. (mimeo.) , & CRAIGHEAD, F. C. Jr. 1967. Management of bears in Yellowstone National Park. Environ. Res. Inst. and Mont. Coop. Wildl. Res. Unit Rep., 113 p. (multi.) , HORNOCKER, M. G. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C. Jr. 1969. Reproductive biology of young female grizzly bears. J. Reprod. Fert. Suppl. 6: 477-475. DAVIS, D. E. 1949. The role of intraspecific competition in game management. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 14: 225-331. DEAN, F. C. 1958. Investigations on grizzly bear in interior and arctic Alaska. Alas. Coop. Wildl. Res. Unit. Quart. Rep. 9(4): 61-71. ERRINGTON, P. L. 1946. Predation and vertebrate populations. Quart. Rev. Biol. 21: 144-177,221-245. HORNOCKER, M. G. 1962. Population characteristics and social and reproductive behavior of the grizzly bear in Yellowstone National Park. M. S. Thesis, Mont. State Univ., Missoula. 94p. JONKEL, C. J. 1967. Black bear population studies. Job Compl. Rep. W-98-R, Mont. Fish and Game Dept. 147 p. McCRACKEN, H. 1955. The beast that walks like man. Hanover House, New York. 319 p. MARTINKA, C. J. 1969. Grizzly ecology studies, Glacier National Park. Nat. Park Serv. Prog. Rep. 43 p. (mimeo.) MURIE, A. 1961. A naturalist in Alaska. The Devin-Adair Co., New York, 302 p. MURIE, O. J. 1954. Progress report on the Yellowstone bear study. 16 p. (typewritten). RANDALL, L.W. 1961. Footprints along the Yellowstone. The Naylor Co., San Antonio. 186 p. SKINNER, M. P. 1925. <strong>Bears</strong> in Yellowstone. A. C. McClurg and Co., Chicago. 155 p. TISCH, E. L. 1961. Seasonal food habits of the black bear in the Whitefish Range of northwestern Montana. M.S. Thesis, Mont. State Univ., Missoula. 108 p. 288
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
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Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
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LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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dary. This procedure has the advant
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TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
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found along adjacent foothills. Low
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numerous census techniques and in m
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SEX RATIOS There was no significant
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HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
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to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
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In an area of approximately 500 squ
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cruises of known mileage by foot an
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156 miles on the Sugar lands route
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From a total of 92 survey forms dis
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Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
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TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
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FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
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However, certain relationships were
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head from these bears. Commission p
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Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
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TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
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on an offal pile or on a deer or el
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An undetermined species of hookworm
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Providing information to personnel
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Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
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still winter conditions. On emergin
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utting time were in an exhausted st
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ut recent information is lacking. F
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Simultaneously the isolated souther
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CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
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F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
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PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
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Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
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neck diameter by inserting two scre
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Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
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TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
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TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
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Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
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Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
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the cave, she could discourage unso
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emained in the den. In late afterno
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Our observations reveal that mature
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, , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
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winter denning of bears to allow an
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Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
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from the earth as a heat sink to th
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DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
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Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
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and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
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throughout the year on wild caught
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Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
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SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
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willow and grasses in mountainous a
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TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
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TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
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Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
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to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
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around that you could equate to a p
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
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projection on a screen or on photog
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
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RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
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A small number of denned adults wit
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Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
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ears has never been reported outsid
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gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
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Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
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DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
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Even the winter dens differ from th
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Until 1970, the following major law
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He states that there is a connectio
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7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
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Polar pack ice covers the central p
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POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
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from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
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After firing we kept watch over the
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RESULTS Results of the experiments
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} Duration of immobilization; comme
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One attempt was made to immobilize
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BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
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Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
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Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
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Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
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We were lucky to observe three time
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In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
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In good weather, opened dens with s
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
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not be done, the hunter was given a
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Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
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DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
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REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
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the primate temporal lobe which is
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Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
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Kit drank more on only 15. In June
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would immediately show interest, co
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Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
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A highly developed greeting ceremon
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KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
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EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
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they did not in general cease their
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Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
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Many field observations suggest tha
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groups even with very frequent dump
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PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
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The capture and tagging of 13 bears
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
Page 237 and 238: Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
Page 239 and 240: Bears at the falls minimized compet
Page 241 and 242: the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
Page 243 and 244: males have their way. I'd say this,
Page 245 and 246: my way back to camp and I'd carried
Page 247 and 248: ears in Montana. It was masked by g
Page 249 and 250: ears like that, the subadults, usua
Page 251 and 252: The second observation I want to ma
Page 253 and 254: In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
Page 255 and 256: TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
Page 257 and 258: TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
Page 259 and 260: conception of the size of the black
Page 261 and 262: Occupation Occupation was not relat
Page 263 and 264: TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
Page 265 and 266: The Elkmont campers were most conce
Page 267 and 268: TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
Page 269 and 270: TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
Page 271 and 272: PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
Page 273 and 274: number of visitors per year was abo
Page 275 and 276: TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
Page 277 and 278: that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
Page 279 and 280: TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
Page 281 and 282: Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
Page 283: number of intrusions into park deve
Page 287 and 288: Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
Page 289 and 290: settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
Page 291 and 292: will be summarised here to provide
Page 293 and 294: C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
Page 295 and 296: Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
Page 297 and 298: its community. In other words, its
Page 299 and 300: COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
Page 301 and 302: PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
Page 303 and 304: to and after this month. Our census
Page 305 and 306: They have shaped and are integrally
Page 307 and 308: individually and quantitatively doc
Page 309 and 310: ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
Page 311 and 312: National Park Service Report, 'Griz
Page 313 and 314: This just equals the average annual
Page 315 and 316: has helped the sanitation problem.
Page 317 and 318: 3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
Page 319 and 320: TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
Page 321 and 322: TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
Page 323 and 324: Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
Page 325 and 326: Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
Page 327 and 328: No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
Page 329 and 330: CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
Page 331 and 332: PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
Page 333 and 334: ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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