Bears - IUCN

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Over a 9-year period, these dates when grizzlies entered their dens to remain varied by as much as a month. They were: Year 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Month Oct. 29 October 21-22 November 15 (approx.) November 4-5 November 10 Year 1965 1966 1967 1968 Month November 11 November 19-21 November 19 November 3-4 <strong>Bears</strong> of both sexes and several age classes were tracked to dens. These included 1 young adult female (barren), 1 young adult female with her first cub, 2 adult pregnant females, 2 adult females with cubs, and 2 adult females with yearlings. Two young males were tracked to their dens, one as a weaned yearling and again as a 2-year-old—the other as a yearling with his mother and two littermates. Very large boars were instrumented and tracked to denning areas but none were successfully tracked to dens. Four dens of one female were located—three of these in consecutive seasons; the dens of two other bears for two successive seasons. An orphaned grizzly, cub No. 78, was observed until and soon after emerging from hibernation, evidence that cubs can survive the winter without parental care or guidance. Grizzlies whose dens were located hibernated at altitudes ranging from 7, 800 to 9, 200 feet (Tables 4 and 5). All dens were located in timbered areas and all but one on northern slopes with the den entrance facing north. Couturier (1954) found that brown bears preferred a den that faced south. A north-facing den entrance appears to be advantageous to the hibernating grizzly in Yellowstone because prevailing southwest winds accumulate snow on northern exposures. The deep snow that accumulates in such locations insulates the den chamber from the extreme ambient air temperatures that drop as low as —40°F. or even to —60°F. Also, there is less chance that snow on north slopes will melt during a warm period or winter 'chinook'. Water trickling into a den would appear to be disturbing and undesirable. Though early spring and later fall sightings revealed that grizzlies den throughout Yellowstone and beyond, all occupied dens were found in the central portion of the Park. Dens were located relatively far from developed areas or human activity. Grizzlies seem to need and to seek isolation for the 6 months of their winter sleep. In the course of evolution, finding isolated den sites for hibernating would appear to be a factor favoring survival of the species. Primitive man and the American Indian undoubtedly found that grizzlies, lethargic until disturbed, were vulnerable in winter and the odds far more favorable for killing them during winter sleep than during their active period. Den Construction Most grizzlies prepared winter dens well in advance of the time they went into hibernation. The earliest recorded den diggings were on 3 and 8 September. The latest occurred 11 and 15 November; the bears completed these dens just in time to enter them for the winter. In one case, den construction had been delayed because the bear had abandoned her first den. The amount of disturbance needed to cause abandonment of a completed den or one under construction varied considerably with individual grizzlies. 91
TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE GRIZZLY BEAR DENS Designation of Grizzly No. Sex 164 158 40 40 40 202 202 101 101 187 40 (1) (2) (3) * F M F F(3) F M M F F F F Year Den Used 1963* 1964 1964 1965 1966 1965 1966 1966 1967 1967 1968 Den Location Upper Alum Creek Upper Trout Creek Upper Alum Creek Upper Alum Creek Beach Lake Lower Trout Creek Yellowstone Canyon Yellowstone Canyon Lower Trout Creek Hedges Peak Ice Lake Upper Trout Creek Vegetation Type Lodgepole Lodgepole Pine Lodgepole Pine Spruce-Fir Lodgepole Pine Lodgepole Pine Spruce-Fir Spruce-Fir Spruce-Fir Lodgepole Pine Spruce-Fir Whitebark Pine Lodgepole Pine Spruce-Fir Attempted earlier to dig den at base of tree. Den abandoned before lining. Female pregnant. Signs of use the previous year. Soil Structure Soft earth Packed soil Gravel layer Packed soil Packed soil Loose soil Rocky (talus) Rocky (talus) Sandy soil Packed soil Rocks Packed soil Packed soil Den Elevation (Feet) 8,200 8,400 8,200 8,200 8,000 7,800 7,800 8,000 9,200 8,100 8,200 92
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
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Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
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LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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dary. This procedure has the advant
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TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
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found along adjacent foothills. Low
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numerous census techniques and in m
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SEX RATIOS There was no significant
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HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
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to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
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In an area of approximately 500 squ
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cruises of known mileage by foot an
Page 37 and 38: 156 miles on the Sugar lands route
Page 39 and 40: From a total of 92 survey forms dis
Page 41 and 42: PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
Page 45 and 46: TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
Page 47 and 48: FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
Page 49 and 50: However, certain relationships were
Page 53 and 54: head from these bears. Commission p
Page 55 and 56: Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
Page 59 and 60: on an offal pile or on a deer or el
Page 61 and 62: An undetermined species of hookworm
Page 63 and 64: Providing information to personnel
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
Page 67 and 68: still winter conditions. On emergin
Page 69 and 70: utting time were in an exhausted st
Page 73 and 74: ut recent information is lacking. F
Page 75 and 76: Simultaneously the isolated souther
Page 77 and 78: CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
Page 79 and 80: F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
Page 81 and 82: PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
Page 83 and 84: Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
Page 85 and 86: neck diameter by inserting two scre
Page 87: Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
Page 93 and 94: Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
Page 97 and 98: the cave, she could discourage unso
Page 99 and 100: emained in the den. In late afterno
Page 101 and 102: Our observations reveal that mature
Page 103 and 104: , , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
Page 105 and 106: winter denning of bears to allow an
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
Page 109 and 110: from the earth as a heat sink to th
Page 111 and 112: DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
Page 113 and 114: Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
Page 115 and 116: and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
Page 117 and 118: throughout the year on wild caught
Page 119 and 120: Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
Page 121 and 122: SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
Page 123 and 124: willow and grasses in mountainous a
Page 125 and 126: TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 127 and 128: TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
Page 129 and 130: Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
Page 131 and 132: to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
Page 133 and 134: around that you could equate to a p
Page 135 and 136: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
Page 137 and 138: projection on a screen or on photog
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
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RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
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A small number of denned adults wit
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Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
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ears has never been reported outsid
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gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
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Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
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DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
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Even the winter dens differ from th
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Until 1970, the following major law
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He states that there is a connectio
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7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
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Polar pack ice covers the central p
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POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
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from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
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After firing we kept watch over the
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RESULTS Results of the experiments
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} Duration of immobilization; comme
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One attempt was made to immobilize
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BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
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Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
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Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
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Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
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We were lucky to observe three time
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In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
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In good weather, opened dens with s
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
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not be done, the hunter was given a
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Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
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DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
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REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
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the primate temporal lobe which is
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Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
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Kit drank more on only 15. In June
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would immediately show interest, co
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Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
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A highly developed greeting ceremon
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KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
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EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
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they did not in general cease their
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Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
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Many field observations suggest tha
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groups even with very frequent dump
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PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
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The capture and tagging of 13 bears
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TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
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TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
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Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
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Bears at the falls minimized compet
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the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
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males have their way. I'd say this,
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my way back to camp and I'd carried
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ears in Montana. It was masked by g
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ears like that, the subadults, usua
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The second observation I want to ma
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In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
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TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
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that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
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TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
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Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
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number of intrusions into park deve
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REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
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Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
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settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
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will be summarised here to provide
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C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
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Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
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its community. In other words, its
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COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
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to and after this month. Our census
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They have shaped and are integrally
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individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
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National Park Service Report, 'Griz
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This just equals the average annual
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has helped the sanitation problem.
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3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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Bears - IUCN

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