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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS, MOVEMENTS AND NATURAL HISTORY OF BEARS Life History of the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos L.) in North-east Siberia A. A. KISTCHINSKI Central Laboratory on Nature Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR, Moscow. SUMMARY By 'North-East Siberia' we mean the Pacific regions including northern coasts of the Okhotsk sea, Kamtchatka, the Koryak Highlands, the Anadyr drainage, and the Chukotsk Peninsula. The brown bear is abundant here, and in some areas is more numerous than anywhere else in Eurasia. Detailed special ecological studies on the species have not been undertaken in the area and this paper is a summary of our present knowledge, based on the author's own experience as well as on other studies (Portenko 1941, Averin 1948, Portenko et al. 1963, Lobatchev 1966, Ostroumov 1966, 1968, Markov 1969, etc.). DISTRIBUTION AND NUMBERS Brown bears live throughout the area up to the limits of the arctic tundra (Fig. 1). They inhabit the whole forest zone, the 'beringian' forest-tundra 1 of Koryak lowlands and Anadyr basin, and tundra-like heaths on sea coasts. Brown bears have been observed in the tundra zone, and there are some reasons to believe that there are barren-ground populations, for example, near Chaunskaya Bay (Krivosheyev 1969). In the greater part of North-East Siberia the brown bear is quite common, and in some regions its numbers are very high. They are perhaps most numerous in Kamtchatka, as well as in some places along the northern coasts of the Okhotsk Sea. Unfortunately, quantitative data on the population density are scanty and are based either on subjective estimations (the number of animals observed by an investigator on a certain territory during a considerable period) or on aerial counts, the interpretation which is very liable to error (Erickson & Siniff 1963); Ostroumov 1968). Thus, the following data may be considered only as approximate. In mountains bordering the northern coasts of the Okhotsk Sea, we estimated the population density to be close to 1 per 10 sq. km.; in the Upper Kolyma basin the frequency of encounters was 10-20 times lower (Kistchinski 1969). According to aerial counts, the total population density in Kamchatka has been defined 0. 6 per 10 sq. km. (Ostroumov 1968). The distribution of bears in different years may change due to the changes in the distribution of seasonal 1 A specific type of forest-tundra with Pinus pumila as the main 'forest' element; a number of animal species of boreal forest type are associated with this habitat. 67
Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance of Ursus arctos L. in North-East Siberia. Designations: 1—northern boundary of the area of the species; 2—areas of high numbers (appr. 0. 5-1 per 10 sq. km); 3—some areas of especially high numbers (appr. 3—20 per 10 sq. km); 4-north-eastern boundary of the forest zone; 5—northern boundary of the distribution of Pinus pumila. 68
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
Page 13 and 14: Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
Page 15 and 16: LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
Page 17 and 18: PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
Page 19 and 20: dary. This procedure has the advant
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
Page 23 and 24: found along adjacent foothills. Low
Page 25 and 26: numerous census techniques and in m
Page 27 and 28: SEX RATIOS There was no significant
Page 29 and 30: HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
Page 31 and 32: to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
Page 33 and 34: In an area of approximately 500 squ
Page 35 and 36: cruises of known mileage by foot an
Page 37 and 38: 156 miles on the Sugar lands route
Page 39 and 40: From a total of 92 survey forms dis
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
Page 45 and 46: TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
Page 47 and 48: FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
Page 49 and 50: However, certain relationships were
Page 53 and 54: head from these bears. Commission p
Page 55 and 56: Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
Page 59 and 60: on an offal pile or on a deer or el
Page 61 and 62: An undetermined species of hookworm
Page 63: Providing information to personnel
Page 67 and 68: still winter conditions. On emergin
Page 69 and 70: utting time were in an exhausted st
Page 73 and 74: ut recent information is lacking. F
Page 75 and 76: Simultaneously the isolated souther
Page 77 and 78: CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
Page 79 and 80: F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
Page 81 and 82: PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
Page 83 and 84: Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
Page 85 and 86: neck diameter by inserting two scre
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
Page 93 and 94: Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
Page 97 and 98: the cave, she could discourage unso
Page 99 and 100: emained in the den. In late afterno
Page 101 and 102: Our observations reveal that mature
Page 103 and 104: , , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
Page 105 and 106: winter denning of bears to allow an
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
Page 109 and 110: from the earth as a heat sink to th
Page 111 and 112: DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
Page 113 and 114: Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
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and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
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throughout the year on wild caught
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Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
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SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
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willow and grasses in mountainous a
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TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
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TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
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Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
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to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
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around that you could equate to a p
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
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projection on a screen or on photog
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
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RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
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A small number of denned adults wit
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Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
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ears has never been reported outsid
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gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
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Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
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DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
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Even the winter dens differ from th
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Until 1970, the following major law
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He states that there is a connectio
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7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
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Polar pack ice covers the central p
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POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
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from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
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After firing we kept watch over the
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RESULTS Results of the experiments
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} Duration of immobilization; comme
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One attempt was made to immobilize
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BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
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Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
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Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
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Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
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We were lucky to observe three time
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In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
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In good weather, opened dens with s
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
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not be done, the hunter was given a
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Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
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DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
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REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
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the primate temporal lobe which is
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Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
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Kit drank more on only 15. In June
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would immediately show interest, co
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Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
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A highly developed greeting ceremon
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KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
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EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
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they did not in general cease their
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Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
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Many field observations suggest tha
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groups even with very frequent dump
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PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
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The capture and tagging of 13 bears
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TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
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TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
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Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
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Bears at the falls minimized compet
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the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
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males have their way. I'd say this,
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my way back to camp and I'd carried
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ears in Montana. It was masked by g
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ears like that, the subadults, usua
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The second observation I want to ma
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In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
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TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
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that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
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TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
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Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
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number of intrusions into park deve
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REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
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Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
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settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
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will be summarised here to provide
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C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
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Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
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its community. In other words, its
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COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
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to and after this month. Our census
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They have shaped and are integrally
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individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
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National Park Service Report, 'Griz
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This just equals the average annual
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has helped the sanitation problem.
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3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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