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Type of Bear Female Female, cubs Female, cubs Adult bear Female, cub Seventh bear collected on this station. Female, cubs Adult Adult Adult Adult Female (fat) Male, adult. Nine other sightings (N = 3) seen here. TABLE I. UNUSUAL SIGHTINGS OF POLAR BEARS IN MID ARCTIC OCEAN* Time Spring October May September September September Observer Hanson (1963) Hanson (1963) Hanson (1966) Hanson (1959) Hanson (1959) Hanson (1959) Ice Island Arlis II Arlis II T3 Alpha II Alpha II Alpha II Position‡ 86.5 88.5 75.5 77.8 78 78 Position 175E 160W 155W 171.5W 171.5W 171.5W — — — — — May May Perry (Page 117) Peary* — † Malmson (1970) Malmson (1970) Buck (1970) Buck (1970) — — Alpha I — — Arlis V Arlis VI 88 86 84 84 83 74 75 — — — — — 161W 168W * Data provided by Dr. Mzx C. Brewer from the logs of several floating ice islands. † Perry, 1966 ‡ Degrees north 115
Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minimum heart rates during their first experimental winter; they were frequently distrubed by accidental visitors. the first summer, sleeping heart rates of one specimen were seldom as low as 50 b/m. During the winter, bradycardia was gradually acquired by this specimen until a rate of 35 b/m was achieved (Fig. 6). At this point the experiment was terminated because of uncertainty as to whether one animal might attack the other. During the second summer, the other male polar bear (weight 260 kg, 570 lbs) was instrumented. This specimen showed no sleeping heart rates below 60 b/m during the months of July, August, and September. From October to the end of January the animals were observed by closed circuit television and were provided with minimal food. Their behavior indicated the possibility of dormancy, and during the month of February rigid conditions to simulate denning in the outdoor environment were followed (complete darkness, isolation from camp noise, abundant hay in which to prepare winter dens, and removal of food). The temperature of the enclosure varied from —20°C to —50°C. The instrumented animal once again initially demonstrated sleeping heart rates of 60 b/m which changed slowly week by week until rates of 27 b/m were obtained . The steady downward trend undoubtedly would have continued since both animals remained in the position of dormancy (head under belly near tail). However, on 1 March, one month after the experiment began, the radio-capsule in the abdominal cavity of the animal failed. The results from these two winters are strong evidence that the polar bear has the capability of reducing its circulatory activity in dormancy in the same fashion as the grizzly and black bear. Discussion of Special Case of Polar <strong>Bears</strong> Our physiological observations show that the polar bear is capable of the same dormancy as the other two species (in spite of the deplorable instrumentation hazards which always beset the individual who uses radio-telemetry). It should be emphasized that during the next winter (the third) with reasonable conditions of quiet and isolation and lack of light (although with a warmer temperature 116
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
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Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
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LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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dary. This procedure has the advant
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TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
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found along adjacent foothills. Low
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numerous census techniques and in m
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SEX RATIOS There was no significant
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HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
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to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
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In an area of approximately 500 squ
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cruises of known mileage by foot an
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156 miles on the Sugar lands route
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From a total of 92 survey forms dis
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Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
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TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
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FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
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However, certain relationships were
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head from these bears. Commission p
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Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
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TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
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on an offal pile or on a deer or el
Page 61 and 62: An undetermined species of hookworm
Page 63 and 64: Providing information to personnel
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
Page 67 and 68: still winter conditions. On emergin
Page 69 and 70: utting time were in an exhausted st
Page 71 and 72: PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
Page 73 and 74: ut recent information is lacking. F
Page 75 and 76: Simultaneously the isolated souther
Page 77 and 78: CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
Page 79 and 80: F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
Page 81 and 82: PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
Page 83 and 84: Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
Page 85 and 86: neck diameter by inserting two scre
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
Page 93 and 94: Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
Page 97 and 98: the cave, she could discourage unso
Page 99 and 100: emained in the den. In late afterno
Page 101 and 102: Our observations reveal that mature
Page 103 and 104: , , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
Page 105 and 106: winter denning of bears to allow an
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
Page 109 and 110: from the earth as a heat sink to th
Page 111: DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
Page 115 and 116: and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
Page 117 and 118: throughout the year on wild caught
Page 119 and 120: Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
Page 121 and 122: SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
Page 123 and 124: willow and grasses in mountainous a
Page 125 and 126: TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 127 and 128: TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
Page 129 and 130: Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
Page 131 and 132: to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
Page 133 and 134: around that you could equate to a p
Page 135 and 136: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
Page 137 and 138: projection on a screen or on photog
Page 139 and 140: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
Page 141 and 142: RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
Page 143 and 144: A small number of denned adults wit
Page 145 and 146: Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
Page 147 and 148: ears has never been reported outsid
Page 149 and 150: gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
Page 151 and 152: Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
Page 153 and 154: DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
Page 155 and 156: Even the winter dens differ from th
Page 157 and 158: Until 1970, the following major law
Page 159 and 160: He states that there is a connectio
Page 161 and 162: 7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
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Polar pack ice covers the central p
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POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
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from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
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After firing we kept watch over the
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RESULTS Results of the experiments
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} Duration of immobilization; comme
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One attempt was made to immobilize
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BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
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Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
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Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
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Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
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We were lucky to observe three time
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In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
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In good weather, opened dens with s
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
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not be done, the hunter was given a
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Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
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DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
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REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
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the primate temporal lobe which is
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Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
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Kit drank more on only 15. In June
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would immediately show interest, co
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Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
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A highly developed greeting ceremon
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KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
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EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
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they did not in general cease their
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Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
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Many field observations suggest tha
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groups even with very frequent dump
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PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
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The capture and tagging of 13 bears
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TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
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TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
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Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
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Bears at the falls minimized compet
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the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
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males have their way. I'd say this,
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my way back to camp and I'd carried
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ears in Montana. It was masked by g
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ears like that, the subadults, usua
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The second observation I want to ma
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In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
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TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
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that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
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TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
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Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
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number of intrusions into park deve
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REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
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Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
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settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
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will be summarised here to provide
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C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
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Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
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its community. In other words, its
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COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
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to and after this month. Our census
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They have shaped and are integrally
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individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
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National Park Service Report, 'Griz
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This just equals the average annual
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has helped the sanitation problem.
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3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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