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Species of Den Tree Den Measurements (inches) Chamber Entrance Total L W Ht L W Ht Length Den Lining Fate of Den First Spring Lodgepole 59 53 48 60 17 40 119 Conifer boughs Remained intact Spruce 64 60 60 32 30 42 96 Conifer boughs Remained intact Spruce 48 42 48 36 30 30 84 Conifer boughs Collapsed None 54 54 36 66 33 21 120 Grass Moss Rootlets Remained intact Dead stump 60 85 28 30 17 20 90 Conifer boughs Collapsed Log( 1) 47 43 26 — — — 66 Conifer boughs Remained intact Log 43 37 28 — — — 63 Conifer boughs Collapsed Whitebark Pine 54 48 30 12 14 36 66 None (2) Remained intact Dead spruce 63 56 40 45 15 54 108 Fir boughs Collapsed Whitebark Pine Spruce — 68 — 54 — 30 36 38 21 24 27 — — 106 None (2) Conifer boughs Collapsed Remained intact 93
TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIVE GRIZZLY BEAR DENS Den Location Vegetation Type Lodgepole pine Soil Structure Hard, compacted Rocky Den Elevation (Feet) 8,200 Upper Trout Creek Absaroka Range Mist Creek Lower Trout Creek Yellowstone Canyon (North side) Ice Lake Area Whitebark pine Lodgepole pine Spruce-fir Douglas-fir Lodgepole pine Loose soil Fine-rock soil Packed soil 9,000 8,000 7,600 8,100 Upper Trout Creek Spruce-fir Packed soil 8,200 The duration of den-digging varied, but usually the major excavation was accomplished within 3-7 days; minor digging activity occurred over a period of weeks. Interrupted radio signals enabled us to determine when bears were digging dens, and we then located and observed them (Craighead 1968). For example, in 1966, No. 202 returned twice to his den and attenuated signals indicated he was digging; digging was visually confirmed on both occasions. Natural shelters were not utilized as dens by grizzlies, though matted windfalls and rock caves were available. All the dens we located were dug by grizzlies (Table 4). The Yellowstone grizzly frequently digs a den entrance at the base of a tree, and tunnels in through the large downward and outward sloping roots (Figs. 6 and 7). The roots limit the size of the den opening and may form a ceiling. Although grizzlies do not always select the base of a tree for den sites, such sites are preferred. Exceptions were sow No. 187 and male No. 202, who dug their dens under horizontal logs (Fig. 8). We believe it is instinctive for the grizzly to dig a den rather than appropriate or modify a natural cavity; some behavior supports this. For example, in the fall when grizzlies dig dens and gather boughs for beds, they also dig to cover carrion or kills more frequently than at other seasons of the year (Fig. 9). In addition, when they move to their dens prior to hibernation, they perform a stereotyped 'housecleaning' by digging inside and outside the den (Fig. 7). This seasonal increase in digging may reflect a biological drive. The grizzly bear dens were usually constructed with an entrance way leading into the bed chamber. The average size of this chamber (determined from 10 dens) was: 56 × 53 × 37 inches. A den which sheltered No. 39 and her 3 yearlings was almost as wide as it was long. In 1966 when No. 40 hibernated with 2 cubs, her den was wider than it was long, and the 3 bears slept curled up side by side (Table 4). Females with cubs or yearlings dig wider dens than bears that hibernate alone. Den entrances went directly into the chamber, or had entrance tunnels as long as 66 inches. Width of den openings varied from 14 94
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
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Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
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LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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dary. This procedure has the advant
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TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
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found along adjacent foothills. Low
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numerous census techniques and in m
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SEX RATIOS There was no significant
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HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
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to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
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In an area of approximately 500 squ
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cruises of known mileage by foot an
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156 miles on the Sugar lands route
Page 39 and 40: From a total of 92 survey forms dis
Page 41 and 42: PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
Page 45 and 46: TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
Page 47 and 48: FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
Page 49 and 50: However, certain relationships were
Page 53 and 54: head from these bears. Commission p
Page 55 and 56: Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
Page 59 and 60: on an offal pile or on a deer or el
Page 61 and 62: An undetermined species of hookworm
Page 63 and 64: Providing information to personnel
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
Page 67 and 68: still winter conditions. On emergin
Page 69 and 70: utting time were in an exhausted st
Page 73 and 74: ut recent information is lacking. F
Page 75 and 76: Simultaneously the isolated souther
Page 77 and 78: CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
Page 79 and 80: F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
Page 81 and 82: PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
Page 83 and 84: Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
Page 85 and 86: neck diameter by inserting two scre
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
Page 89: TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
Page 93 and 94: Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
Page 97 and 98: the cave, she could discourage unso
Page 99 and 100: emained in the den. In late afterno
Page 101 and 102: Our observations reveal that mature
Page 103 and 104: , , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
Page 105 and 106: winter denning of bears to allow an
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
Page 109 and 110: from the earth as a heat sink to th
Page 111 and 112: DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
Page 113 and 114: Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
Page 115 and 116: and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
Page 117 and 118: throughout the year on wild caught
Page 119 and 120: Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
Page 121 and 122: SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
Page 123 and 124: willow and grasses in mountainous a
Page 125 and 126: TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 127 and 128: TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
Page 129 and 130: Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
Page 131 and 132: to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
Page 133 and 134: around that you could equate to a p
Page 135 and 136: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
Page 137 and 138: projection on a screen or on photog
Page 139 and 140: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
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RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
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A small number of denned adults wit
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Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
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ears has never been reported outsid
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gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
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Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
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DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
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Even the winter dens differ from th
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Until 1970, the following major law
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He states that there is a connectio
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7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
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Polar pack ice covers the central p
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POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
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from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
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After firing we kept watch over the
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RESULTS Results of the experiments
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} Duration of immobilization; comme
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One attempt was made to immobilize
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BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
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Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
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Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
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Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
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We were lucky to observe three time
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In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
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In good weather, opened dens with s
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
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not be done, the hunter was given a
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Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
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DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
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REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
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the primate temporal lobe which is
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Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
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Kit drank more on only 15. In June
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would immediately show interest, co
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Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
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A highly developed greeting ceremon
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KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
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EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
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they did not in general cease their
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Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
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Many field observations suggest tha
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groups even with very frequent dump
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PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
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The capture and tagging of 13 bears
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TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
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TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
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Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
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Bears at the falls minimized compet
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the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
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males have their way. I'd say this,
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my way back to camp and I'd carried
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ears in Montana. It was masked by g
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ears like that, the subadults, usua
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The second observation I want to ma
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In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
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TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
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that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
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TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
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Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
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number of intrusions into park deve
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REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
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Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
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settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
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will be summarised here to provide
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C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
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Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
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its community. In other words, its
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COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
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to and after this month. Our census
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They have shaped and are integrally
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individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
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National Park Service Report, 'Griz
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This just equals the average annual
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has helped the sanitation problem.
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3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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