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All the data considered show that the principles according to which pregnant females choose suitable places for denning are not quite clear. There are hardly any direct observations on the actual den making. Judging from spring examination of dens and the tales of aborigines, some students (Mineev 1935; Uspenski & Chernyavski 1965, etc.) have supposed that sows either settle down in autumn in unthawed snowdrifts of the previous year or excavate dens in such snowdrifts, or they excavate dens in new drifts already accumulated in the current autumn. Further snowstorms cover the female bear with snow and make a snowy roof over the den. According to Harington (1968), the den excavated by a female in a newly formed snowdrift is approximately of the same form as it is found to have in the spring. Another point worth mentioning is that the floor of the den is separated from the ground by a layer of snow usually 10-30 cm thick. However, while in some of the dens small patches of bedrock were observed on the innermost wall (see Fig. 5/2 and 3), in others, the inner wall was separated from the substrate by a very thick bed of packed snow. In the former case it seems that the bear had denned in fresh snow, which later on thawed beneath its body, and that in the latter case it had denned in snow of the previous year. Harington (1968) wrote that in Canada dens occur more frequently on slopes facing away from the sea. This is also generally true in the Drem-Head mountains, but in some other areas (south-eastern coast of Wrangel Island, northern slopes of the East Plateau, etc.), due to the peculiarities of relief, the majority of dens face the sea. The situation in each area is conditioned by the local relief and also the predominant winds. Structure of dens The typical structure of polar bear dens on Wrangel Island has been described by S. M. Uspenski & F. B. Chernyavski (1965). In 1969 and 1970, we surveyed many dens including ones of very simple as well as very complicated structure (Figs. 4, 5 and 6). Usually an active den has a simple oval chamber with a passageway 1-2 m long and outside the exit a deposit of excavated snow up to 70-100 cm high, forming a 'doorstep' which helps one in sighting the den from a distance. However, in the spring of 1969 and 1970, on many slopes where dens were situated, there was little snow; therefore, these doorsteps were small and difficult to distinguish. For the same reason, the roof of some of the dens was very thin (5-15 cm) and the female tended to break it when emerging. In 1970, we often found 'half-open' or completely 'open' dens; they were simply pits in the snow with bear families lying in them (Fig. 5/3 and 4). In such cases, the 'roof was broken since, even before the den was opened, it was no more than a few centimetres thick. On some slopes winds blew away the snow and uncovered the procumbent female (Fig. 5/3). By contrast, some dens were located in very deep snowbanks. We also found complex dens consisting of several chambers like those described by G. P. Gorbunov (1929), G. Mary- Rousseliere (1957), V. J. Parovshchikov (1964) and others. The structure of the den shown in Fig. 6, as well as that of other complex dens, indicates that the digging activity of the female (i.e. her total activity) does not stop in winter. In this case (the den had 5 chambers), we may presume that while widening the first 'living-room' the female met a rock wall: the presence of this rock aggravated heat conditions in the den and she began to dig other tunnels and chambers but, again encountering the rock wall, abandoned each in turn until she reached and managed to dig a big chamber in continuous thick snow. The fact that the walls and ceilings of dens often have claw marks confirms digging activity in the dens. Dimensions of dens are shown in Table 5. 187
Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a) plan; (b) vertical section on line AB. 2, 3 and 4. Vertical sections. 5. Plan. 6. (a) plan; (b) section on line AB;and (c) section on line CD. Symbols: as in Fig. 4. Fig. 6 The most complex den structure examined (9 April 1969): (a) plan; (b) vertical section on line AB;and (c) on line CD. Symbols: 1: rock wall; 2: snow; 3: ice floor of 'living-room'; 4: exit; 5: measurements in cm. 188
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
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Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
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LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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dary. This procedure has the advant
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TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
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found along adjacent foothills. Low
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numerous census techniques and in m
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SEX RATIOS There was no significant
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HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
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to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
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In an area of approximately 500 squ
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cruises of known mileage by foot an
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156 miles on the Sugar lands route
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From a total of 92 survey forms dis
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Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
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TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
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FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
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However, certain relationships were
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head from these bears. Commission p
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Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
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TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
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on an offal pile or on a deer or el
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An undetermined species of hookworm
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Providing information to personnel
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Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
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still winter conditions. On emergin
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utting time were in an exhausted st
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ut recent information is lacking. F
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Simultaneously the isolated souther
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CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
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F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
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PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
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Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
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neck diameter by inserting two scre
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Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
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TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
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TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
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Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
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Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
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the cave, she could discourage unso
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emained in the den. In late afterno
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Our observations reveal that mature
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, , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
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winter denning of bears to allow an
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Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
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from the earth as a heat sink to th
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DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
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Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
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and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
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throughout the year on wild caught
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Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
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SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
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willow and grasses in mountainous a
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TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
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TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
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Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
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to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
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Page 135 and 136: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
Page 137 and 138: projection on a screen or on photog
Page 139 and 140: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
Page 141 and 142: RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
Page 143 and 144: A small number of denned adults wit
Page 145 and 146: Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
Page 147 and 148: ears has never been reported outsid
Page 149 and 150: gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
Page 151 and 152: Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
Page 153 and 154: DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
Page 155 and 156: Even the winter dens differ from th
Page 157 and 158: Until 1970, the following major law
Page 159 and 160: He states that there is a connectio
Page 161 and 162: 7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
Page 163 and 164: Polar pack ice covers the central p
Page 165 and 166: POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
Page 167 and 168: from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
Page 169 and 170: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
Page 171 and 172: After firing we kept watch over the
Page 173 and 174: RESULTS Results of the experiments
Page 175 and 176: } Duration of immobilization; comme
Page 177 and 178: One attempt was made to immobilize
Page 179 and 180: BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
Page 181 and 182: Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
Page 183: TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
Page 187 and 188: Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
Page 189 and 190: We were lucky to observe three time
Page 191 and 192: In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
Page 193 and 194: In good weather, opened dens with s
Page 195 and 196: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
Page 197 and 198: not be done, the hunter was given a
Page 199 and 200: Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
Page 201 and 202: DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
Page 203 and 204: REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
Page 205 and 206: the primate temporal lobe which is
Page 207 and 208: Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
Page 209 and 210: Kit drank more on only 15. In June
Page 211 and 212: would immediately show interest, co
Page 213 and 214: Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
Page 215 and 216: A highly developed greeting ceremon
Page 217 and 218: KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
Page 219 and 220: EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
Page 221 and 222: they did not in general cease their
Page 223 and 224: Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
Page 225 and 226: Many field observations suggest tha
Page 227 and 228: groups even with very frequent dump
Page 229 and 230: PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
Page 231 and 232: The capture and tagging of 13 bears
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
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TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
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Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
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Bears at the falls minimized compet
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the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
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males have their way. I'd say this,
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my way back to camp and I'd carried
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ears in Montana. It was masked by g
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ears like that, the subadults, usua
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The second observation I want to ma
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In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
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TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
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that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
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TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
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Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
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number of intrusions into park deve
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REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
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Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
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settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
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will be summarised here to provide
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C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
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Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
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its community. In other words, its
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COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
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to and after this month. Our census
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They have shaped and are integrally
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individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
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National Park Service Report, 'Griz
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This just equals the average annual
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has helped the sanitation problem.
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3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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Bears - IUCN

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