Bears - IUCN

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The sucking behavior of the bears would appear to be typical for a mammal. While holding the bottle, they would stretch out their claws and knead as if to facilitate the flow from their 'mother's' breasts. Often their eyes were closed and utter contentment would be the usual state. When the milk ran out, their noise level rapidly increased and changed to growls as they attacked each other. This was noticed the last week in April and was the first agonistic behavior seen between the cubs. It became noticable that Kate often did not suck the nipple normally when compared to Kit. Kate would turn her head to the side and chew the nipple with her molars. This hastened the milk flow, and she was frequently finished well ahead of Kit. By the end of April both bears were receiving solid food, such as canned chopped-up peaches, applesauce, and strained fruit baby foods. Such items were lapped up with the tongue almost as a cat laps milk. By May 9 the bears were eating 'chewy' items, such as pieces of apple, leaves and grass brought in from the outside, and a Chop-Chop dog toy made of beef hide. They would use their claws to hold the item down, to turn it over, and to pick it up. This was only one of the many examples of precise manipulation that we were to see. At this time they would sometimes refuse milk in favor of fruit baby food. Raw meat was not eaten or even nibbled although they did begin eating vegetable and meat-flavored strained baby foods. Beginning the first week in May, after drinking only a small amount of milk, Kate and/or Kit would often prefer to suck another object, such as an arm, a finger, etc. Even in April Kate often sucked Kit's ear until it was extremely soggy. Such behaviors were usually accompanied by the pulsating sound made when sucking milk. Perhaps the nipples were too free flowing. There is evidence that puppies have a certain 'need' to suck (Beach & Jaynes 1954). If they satisfy their hunger with minimal sucking from bottles with large holes in the nipples, the sucking behavior is directed to other objects. Consequently, we thought that if the nipples were made less free flowing and more sucking effort had to be expended, perhaps the sucking of 'inappropriate' objects would cease. Using smaller openings did appear to enhance their 'pleasure' at first, but then the bears could not get the milk fast enough, and this resulted in some frustration-induced aggression towards us and their sibling. Although both would suck on the human arm (Fig. l),Kate would rather suck on Kit's ear. This usually took place when they were in the pen or when we were in the room but not paying particular attention to them. Although boredom or frustration might be involved in this behavior, its development as soon as the cubs recovered their health in April would seem to argue against this as the sole explanation. Kate could not be dissuaded from engaging in such activity. Slapping her snout repeatedly only caused her to back off for a few minutes and sneak back after a short interval. Repeatedly punishing her in this way would lead to her beginning to 'cry,' a response given by lowering the lips of the lower jaw accompanied by a low simpering. But no lasting result was accomplished. After moving the cubs out to the Park, the behavior continued (Fig. 2), and Ellis Bacon repeatedly attempted to eliminate the ear sucking by coating Kit's ear with distasteful substances. Unfortunately, Quinine, Vaseline, tabasco sauce, vinegar and salt, among others, did not succeed. Bear feces was more effective, but it was rather distasteful for Kit to have on her ear—not to mention for the person who had to apply it. Kit's right ear was, however, becoming more and more dilapidated. The fur was disappearing from the ear, and it was always wet and moist. In order to easily identify the cubs on still and movie films, a blue tag was placed on the favored sucking ear, but Kate soon grew adept at sucking around the tag. The sound of sucking whether taped or live often was the stimulus for this behavior. The sound of Kit sucking on the arm or leg of a person 209
Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the human arm (May). Fig. 2 Kate sucking Kit's ear, although no longer being fed with a bottle (September). 210
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
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Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
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LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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dary. This procedure has the advant
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TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
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found along adjacent foothills. Low
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numerous census techniques and in m
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SEX RATIOS There was no significant
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HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
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to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
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In an area of approximately 500 squ
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cruises of known mileage by foot an
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156 miles on the Sugar lands route
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From a total of 92 survey forms dis
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Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
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TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
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FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
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However, certain relationships were
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head from these bears. Commission p
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Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
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TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
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on an offal pile or on a deer or el
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An undetermined species of hookworm
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Providing information to personnel
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Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
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still winter conditions. On emergin
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utting time were in an exhausted st
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ut recent information is lacking. F
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Simultaneously the isolated souther
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CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
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F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
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PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
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Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
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neck diameter by inserting two scre
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Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
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TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
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TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
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Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
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Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
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the cave, she could discourage unso
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emained in the den. In late afterno
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Our observations reveal that mature
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, , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
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winter denning of bears to allow an
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Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
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from the earth as a heat sink to th
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DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
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Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
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and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
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throughout the year on wild caught
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Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
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SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
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willow and grasses in mountainous a
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TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
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TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
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Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
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to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
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around that you could equate to a p
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
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projection on a screen or on photog
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
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RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
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A small number of denned adults wit
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Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
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ears has never been reported outsid
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gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
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Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
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DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
Page 155 and 156: Even the winter dens differ from th
Page 157 and 158: Until 1970, the following major law
Page 159 and 160: He states that there is a connectio
Page 161 and 162: 7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
Page 163 and 164: Polar pack ice covers the central p
Page 165 and 166: POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
Page 167 and 168: from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
Page 169 and 170: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
Page 171 and 172: After firing we kept watch over the
Page 173 and 174: RESULTS Results of the experiments
Page 175 and 176: } Duration of immobilization; comme
Page 177 and 178: One attempt was made to immobilize
Page 179 and 180: BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
Page 181 and 182: Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
Page 183 and 184: TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
Page 185 and 186: Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
Page 187 and 188: Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
Page 189 and 190: We were lucky to observe three time
Page 191 and 192: In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
Page 193 and 194: In good weather, opened dens with s
Page 195 and 196: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
Page 197 and 198: not be done, the hunter was given a
Page 199 and 200: Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
Page 201 and 202: DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
Page 203 and 204: REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
Page 205: the primate temporal lobe which is
Page 209 and 210: Kit drank more on only 15. In June
Page 211 and 212: would immediately show interest, co
Page 213 and 214: Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
Page 215 and 216: A highly developed greeting ceremon
Page 217 and 218: KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
Page 219 and 220: EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
Page 221 and 222: they did not in general cease their
Page 223 and 224: Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
Page 225 and 226: Many field observations suggest tha
Page 227 and 228: groups even with very frequent dump
Page 229 and 230: PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
Page 231 and 232: The capture and tagging of 13 bears
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
Page 237 and 238: Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
Page 239 and 240: Bears at the falls minimized compet
Page 241 and 242: the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
Page 243 and 244: males have their way. I'd say this,
Page 245 and 246: my way back to camp and I'd carried
Page 247 and 248: ears in Montana. It was masked by g
Page 249 and 250: ears like that, the subadults, usua
Page 251 and 252: The second observation I want to ma
Page 253 and 254: In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
Page 255 and 256: TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
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that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
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TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
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Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
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number of intrusions into park deve
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REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
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Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
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settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
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will be summarised here to provide
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C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
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Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
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its community. In other words, its
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COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
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to and after this month. Our census
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They have shaped and are integrally
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individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
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National Park Service Report, 'Griz
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This just equals the average annual
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has helped the sanitation problem.
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3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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Bears - IUCN

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