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TABLE 3. PERMAFROST MEASUREMENTS FROM RECENTLY OCCUPIED POLAR BEAR DENNING SITES, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1970. Depth to Permafrost (Cm) Area Direction Facing Den No. Interior of Den Back Wall Floor of Den Surrounding Area Top of Bank Foot of Bank Remarks Broad River Beale Creek Rupert Creek Rupert Creek Anabusko River NE NW E SE NE 2 1 12.5 3 4 5.0-10.0 — 5 20.0 22.5 35.0 75.0* 10.0 37.5 50.0-52.5 11.0 12.5 50.0 20.0 50.0-52.5 45.0 45.0 200.0† — 45.0 250.0 Shallow bank Adult male # 704; lake bank Winter den site: stream bank Adult male; lake bank Hummock * Depth to permafrost from surface of a shallow lake † Could not reach permafrost. 153
Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep burrow. Several dens were found containing lichens and mosses from the surrounding surface. In one case, in a peat and permafrost area, a bear had raked the vegetation from an irregular area measuring approximately 10 m wide and 40 m long (Fig. 12). Some of this material was in a surface pit, apparently used as a winter den, but much of the material was missing. In another case, mosses and herbaceous plants had been raked into a shallow den which had been dug into a raised beach on North Twin Island. Beds within the den indicated that it had been used during winter by a female and two cubs. During August and September 1969, we counted 286 bears along the Hudson and James Bay coasts between Churchill and Moosonee,at the southern end of James Bay. <strong>Bears</strong> were found along the coastal beaches and in the inland denning areas. A similar aerial survey during September 1970 gave a total of 260 bears. A majority of the bears were resting either in surface pits, shallow dens (Fig. 13), deep burrows or moist grassy areas, when first observed. A flight over the Twin Islands in September 1967 revealed that bear behaviour there was similar. During all three surveys certain bears showed a marked reluctance to leave their beds. Similar observations conducted during October and early November 1970, revealed many bears (we assumed pregnant females) in dens in the maternity denning area, but few bears in dens or pits along the coast. In fact, large numbers of bears were walking along the shore, sitting or lying on frozen lakes near the coast, or lying very near the edge of the sea. <strong>Bears</strong> that were in dens, were in the deeper of the shallow dens rather than in surface pits, and they were even more reluctant to leave the dens than in summer. A few of these bears appeared by their body form to be young animals. Most were mediumsized adults, which one can usually assume to be females. One bear which we chased from a den and drugged was an adult female. Several others remained in their dens and were identified as females in March when their tracks and the tracks of their cubs were observed leading away from their dens. 154
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
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Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
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LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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dary. This procedure has the advant
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TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
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found along adjacent foothills. Low
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numerous census techniques and in m
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SEX RATIOS There was no significant
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HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
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to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
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In an area of approximately 500 squ
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cruises of known mileage by foot an
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156 miles on the Sugar lands route
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From a total of 92 survey forms dis
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Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
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TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
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FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
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However, certain relationships were
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head from these bears. Commission p
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Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
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TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
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on an offal pile or on a deer or el
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An undetermined species of hookworm
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Providing information to personnel
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Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
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still winter conditions. On emergin
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utting time were in an exhausted st
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ut recent information is lacking. F
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Simultaneously the isolated souther
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CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
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F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
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PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
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Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
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neck diameter by inserting two scre
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Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
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TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
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TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
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Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
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Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
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the cave, she could discourage unso
Page 99 and 100: emained in the den. In late afterno
Page 101 and 102: Our observations reveal that mature
Page 103 and 104: , , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
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Page 107 and 108: Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
Page 109 and 110: from the earth as a heat sink to th
Page 111 and 112: DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
Page 113 and 114: Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
Page 115 and 116: and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
Page 117 and 118: throughout the year on wild caught
Page 119 and 120: Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
Page 121 and 122: SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
Page 123 and 124: willow and grasses in mountainous a
Page 125 and 126: TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 127 and 128: TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
Page 129 and 130: Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
Page 131 and 132: to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
Page 133 and 134: around that you could equate to a p
Page 135 and 136: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
Page 137 and 138: projection on a screen or on photog
Page 139 and 140: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
Page 141 and 142: RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
Page 143 and 144: A small number of denned adults wit
Page 145 and 146: Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
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Page 149: gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
Page 153 and 154: DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
Page 155 and 156: Even the winter dens differ from th
Page 157 and 158: Until 1970, the following major law
Page 159 and 160: He states that there is a connectio
Page 161 and 162: 7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
Page 163 and 164: Polar pack ice covers the central p
Page 165 and 166: POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
Page 167 and 168: from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
Page 169 and 170: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
Page 171 and 172: After firing we kept watch over the
Page 173 and 174: RESULTS Results of the experiments
Page 175 and 176: } Duration of immobilization; comme
Page 177 and 178: One attempt was made to immobilize
Page 179 and 180: BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
Page 181 and 182: Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
Page 183 and 184: TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
Page 185 and 186: Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
Page 187 and 188: Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
Page 189 and 190: We were lucky to observe three time
Page 191 and 192: In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
Page 193 and 194: In good weather, opened dens with s
Page 195 and 196: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
Page 197 and 198: not be done, the hunter was given a
Page 199 and 200: Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
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DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
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REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
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the primate temporal lobe which is
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Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
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Kit drank more on only 15. In June
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would immediately show interest, co
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Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
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A highly developed greeting ceremon
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KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
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EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
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they did not in general cease their
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Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
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Many field observations suggest tha
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groups even with very frequent dump
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PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
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The capture and tagging of 13 bears
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TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
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TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
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Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
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Bears at the falls minimized compet
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the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
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males have their way. I'd say this,
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my way back to camp and I'd carried
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ears in Montana. It was masked by g
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ears like that, the subadults, usua
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The second observation I want to ma
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In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
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TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
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that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
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TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
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Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
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number of intrusions into park deve
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REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
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Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
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settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
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will be summarised here to provide
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C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
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Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
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its community. In other words, its
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COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
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to and after this month. Our census
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They have shaped and are integrally
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individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
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National Park Service Report, 'Griz
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This just equals the average annual
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has helped the sanitation problem.
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3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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