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TABLE 6. LIMITED INFORMATION FROM SOME GRIZZLY BEARS (EXCLUDING HUNTER TROPHIES) TAKEN IN MONTANA, INDIAN RESERVATIONS, AND NATIONAL PARKS DURING 1969. Date Location Sex Age Whole Weight 1 Total Length 1 Size of Skull 2 July 12 October 3 October 4 August 1 August 4 August 16 October 20 August 23 August 23 August 23 June 27 July 27 August 22 June 10 June 13 June 16 June 17 June 22 July 9 July 11 July 21 July 25 August 16 October 13 Cooke City South of Woodworth Thompson River Blackfeet Indian Reservation 3 Blackfeet Indian Reservation 3 Blackfeet Indian Reservation 3 Dupuyer 3 Flathead Indian Reservation Flathead Indian Reservation Flathead Indian Reservation Glacier National Park Glacier National Park Glacier National Park Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park —F — M — — — — — — —F — — F — — — M M — — — — —FFF ? ? —FMMFFMMMMMFF Ad. Ad. Ad. Ad. Cub Ad. Ad. Ad. Cub Cub 2-Yr. 2-Yr. 3-Yr. Ad. Ad. Ad. Ad. Ad. KA 5½ Yrlg. 4 Ad. KA 7½ KA 10½ 380 120 140 206 475 480 225 235 520 440 110 270 610 265 310 — — — — — — — — — 76 56 59 62 83 81 73 71 85 83 48 72 88 70 69 19 13/16 19 14/16 19 2/16 19 13/16 12 9/16 19 7/16 20 14/16 BKN 12 2/16 BKN 16 3/16 17 0/16 17 14/16 23 11/16 23 1/16 21 0/16 19 12/16 23 14/16 22 4/16 15 10/16 20 5/16 24 4/16 19 9/16 BKN 1 2 3 All measurements in pounds and inches. Condylobasal length plus zygomatic width. Marauder taken by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Predator Control. 63
An undetermined species of hookworm (Uncinaria sp.) was found in the small intestine of two young grizzlies from Glacier National Park. This hookworm was present in one black bear during 1968. Since some bear carcasses were not available until several hours after death, examinations for external parasites were limited to the more recently expired animals, about half of the bears submitted. Woodticks (Dermacentor andersoni) were noted on only one black bear. Diseases Blood samples from three grizzly bears were negative for brucellosis and leptospirosis. Fat Samples Samples of fat are usually obtained from the kidney area of grizzly bears. Of the ten samples analyzed for pesticide residue, only one revealed a trace of DDE with 0.06 ppm of heptachlor epoxide. Undesirable Distribution A few grizzly bears occasionally forage in the West Glacier and Poison garbage dumps but the garbage dump at West Yellowstone is continually visited by several grizzlies. The West Yellowstone dump is located on Forest Service land and is about 2 miles north of the town limits of West Yellowstone, a halfmile south of Baker Hole campground and about 100 yards east of U.S. Highway 191. The forest Service has issued a 'Land Use Permit' to the town of West Yellowstone for the purpose of garbage disposal. In turn, the Town Council of West Yellowstone issued a permit to an individual agent to service the town by removing local refuse and depositing it in the area designated. In 1969, as in previous years, this dump was operated in an open manner and potentially hazardous conditions prevailed. The service road was accessible to anyone; dumping was on an intermittent basis; garbage was not leveled or covered; the public freely visited the area to observe the bears; bears were exclusively grizzlies; some people were dangerously exposed while in the midst of grizzly bears; at least 17 individual grizzly bears were foraging the area throughout the summer, and up to 15 grizzlies visited the area during hours of darkness in one evening. In 1969, huckleberry crops were locally well below average, the fall season had extended mild temperatures, winter snowfall was late, and a reduced volume of garbage was intermittently deposited at the dump. These factors probably influenced the frequent appearances of several grizzlies, a minimum of eight during some nights, searching garbage cans in the town limits of West Yellowstone as early as mid-September and continuing through October, 1969. Meetings of responsible and concerned persons resolved some corrective measures which were implemented before the summer of 1970. The improvements included: a locked gate on the access road; regular dumping to maintain continued interest and use by the bears; spread and cover the garbage daily; and place signs at the gate warning unauthorized persons not be in the area during darkness. At least 25 individual grizzlies were known to visit the West Yellowstone dump in 1970. From 20 to 22 grizzlies were observed in the dump one or two times 64
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
Page 9 and 10: Introduction to the Biology and Man
Page 11 and 12: National parks in the United States
Page 13 and 14: Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
Page 15 and 16: LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
Page 17 and 18: PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
Page 19 and 20: dary. This procedure has the advant
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
Page 23 and 24: found along adjacent foothills. Low
Page 25 and 26: numerous census techniques and in m
Page 27 and 28: SEX RATIOS There was no significant
Page 29 and 30: HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
Page 31 and 32: to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
Page 33 and 34: In an area of approximately 500 squ
Page 35 and 36: cruises of known mileage by foot an
Page 37 and 38: 156 miles on the Sugar lands route
Page 39 and 40: From a total of 92 survey forms dis
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
Page 45 and 46: TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
Page 47 and 48: FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
Page 49 and 50: However, certain relationships were
Page 53 and 54: head from these bears. Commission p
Page 55 and 56: Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
Page 59: on an offal pile or on a deer or el
Page 63 and 64: Providing information to personnel
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
Page 67 and 68: still winter conditions. On emergin
Page 69 and 70: utting time were in an exhausted st
Page 73 and 74: ut recent information is lacking. F
Page 75 and 76: Simultaneously the isolated souther
Page 77 and 78: CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
Page 79 and 80: F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
Page 81 and 82: PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
Page 83 and 84: Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
Page 85 and 86: neck diameter by inserting two scre
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
Page 93 and 94: Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
Page 97 and 98: the cave, she could discourage unso
Page 99 and 100: emained in the den. In late afterno
Page 101 and 102: Our observations reveal that mature
Page 103 and 104: , , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
Page 105 and 106: winter denning of bears to allow an
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
Page 109 and 110: from the earth as a heat sink to th
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DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
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Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
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and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
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throughout the year on wild caught
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Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
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SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
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willow and grasses in mountainous a
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TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
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TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
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Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
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to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
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around that you could equate to a p
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
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projection on a screen or on photog
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
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RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
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A small number of denned adults wit
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Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
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ears has never been reported outsid
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gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
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Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
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DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
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Even the winter dens differ from th
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Until 1970, the following major law
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He states that there is a connectio
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7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
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Polar pack ice covers the central p
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POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
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from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
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After firing we kept watch over the
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RESULTS Results of the experiments
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} Duration of immobilization; comme
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One attempt was made to immobilize
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BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
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Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
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Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
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Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
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We were lucky to observe three time
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In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
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In good weather, opened dens with s
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
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not be done, the hunter was given a
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Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
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DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
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REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
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the primate temporal lobe which is
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Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
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Kit drank more on only 15. In June
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would immediately show interest, co
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Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
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A highly developed greeting ceremon
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KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
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EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
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they did not in general cease their
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Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
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Many field observations suggest tha
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groups even with very frequent dump
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PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
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The capture and tagging of 13 bears
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TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
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TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
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Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
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Bears at the falls minimized compet
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the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
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males have their way. I'd say this,
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my way back to camp and I'd carried
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ears in Montana. It was masked by g
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ears like that, the subadults, usua
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The second observation I want to ma
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In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
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TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
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that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
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TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
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Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
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number of intrusions into park deve
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REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
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Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
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settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
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will be summarised here to provide
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C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
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Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
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its community. In other words, its
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COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
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to and after this month. Our census
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They have shaped and are integrally
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individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
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National Park Service Report, 'Griz
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This just equals the average annual
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has helped the sanitation problem.
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3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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