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Fig. 1 Ice cover, North Polar Basin Fig. 2 General surface circulation, North Polar Basin (adapted from Oceanographic Atlas of the Polar Seas, 1958. U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office, Washington, D.C.). 167
POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION TO TYPE OF ICE Polar bears generally first appear along Alaska's north coast in October, when shore fast ice enables them to travel from drifting pack ice to the beach. The first bear sightings are reported to the east of Point Barrow and then to the southwest in the same sequence that fast ice forms. Eskimos indicate that polar bears travel from north to south in the fall, along the coast between Point Barrow and Cape Lisburne. Considering the two most productive bear hunting areas along this section of coast, bears are first taken by Eskimos in the northernmost Point Franklin area and then in the Icy Cape area to the south. Eskimos also report that, traditionally, bears are more numerous along the coast in years when winds from the north and west bring old ice to the coast than in years when newly frozen ice drifts in. Bailey & Hendee (1926) verify this and report that in the fall of 1921, old ice failed to come in and new ice formed for miles out from the shore. Consequently, few polar bears were killed between Barrow and Point Hope. In the fall of 1967, Alaska Department of Fish and Game personnel observed that winds brought more heavy ice further south than usual, and there were more bears along the coast than usual. This situation appears to be repeating itself in 1970. Several things attract polar bears to shore fast ice. One is beach carrion which includes carcasses of walrus Odobenus rosmarus, bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus, beluga whales Delphinapterus leucas, ringed seals Pusa hispida and bearded seals Erignathus barbatus. Ringed seal pupping dens in fast ice attract bears in the spring. Bears also travel on fast ice to find suitable denning sites. Polar bear dens have been reported along river banks in northeast Alaska and on fast ice close to the islands east of the mouth of the Colville River. Quantitative data on the number of dens along the north coast of Alaska have not been obtained, but dens are less concentrated than in many denning areas elsewhere in the polar basin. During the winter, drifting pack ice off the Alaska coast probably supports greater concentrations of polar bears than either shore fast or polar pack ice. This is probably because juvenile ringed seals and bearded seals, the bears' main food, are more numerous in drifting pack ice than in fast or polar pack ice. Seals probably prefer drifting pack ice because of open water and the relative ease of keeping breathing holes open where leads have recently frozen over. Intensive studies have not been conducted off the Alaska coast in the summer, but it is assumed that seals and therefore bears are more numerous in drifting pack ice than in the more stable polar pack ice. Bears may be more concentrated in drifting pack ice in the summer than in the winter because there is less ice on which to disperse during the summer. T. Larsen of the Norwegian Polar Institute (pers. comm.) found bears quite concentrated in the drifting pack ice east of Spitsbergen in the summer. There is not much information on polar bear abundance and distribution on polar pack ice. Bears have been sighted close to the North Pole, and at several locations on polar pack ice between Alaska and the North Pole, by personnel of United States drifting ice stations and the British Transarctic Expedition (data on file at Naval Arctic Research Laboratory, Barrow, Alaska). The number of sightings, however, suggests that bears are sparsely distributed The area where drifting pack ice occurs north of Point Barrow sometimes has extensive heavy ice without open leads or thin ice, and observations here might give some insight into bear abundance on polar pack ice. Some bears travel through these areas, but they apparently do not spend appreciable amounts of time in them. 168
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
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Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
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LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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dary. This procedure has the advant
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TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
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found along adjacent foothills. Low
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numerous census techniques and in m
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SEX RATIOS There was no significant
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HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
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to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
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In an area of approximately 500 squ
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cruises of known mileage by foot an
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156 miles on the Sugar lands route
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From a total of 92 survey forms dis
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Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
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TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
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FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
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However, certain relationships were
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head from these bears. Commission p
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Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
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TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
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on an offal pile or on a deer or el
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An undetermined species of hookworm
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Providing information to personnel
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Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
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still winter conditions. On emergin
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utting time were in an exhausted st
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ut recent information is lacking. F
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Simultaneously the isolated souther
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CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
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F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
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PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
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Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
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neck diameter by inserting two scre
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Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
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TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
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TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
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Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
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Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
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the cave, she could discourage unso
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emained in the den. In late afterno
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Our observations reveal that mature
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, , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
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winter denning of bears to allow an
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Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
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from the earth as a heat sink to th
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DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
Page 113 and 114: Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
Page 115 and 116: and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
Page 117 and 118: throughout the year on wild caught
Page 119 and 120: Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
Page 121 and 122: SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
Page 123 and 124: willow and grasses in mountainous a
Page 125 and 126: TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 127 and 128: TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
Page 129 and 130: Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
Page 131 and 132: to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
Page 133 and 134: around that you could equate to a p
Page 135 and 136: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
Page 137 and 138: projection on a screen or on photog
Page 139 and 140: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
Page 141 and 142: RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
Page 143 and 144: A small number of denned adults wit
Page 145 and 146: Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
Page 147 and 148: ears has never been reported outsid
Page 149 and 150: gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
Page 151 and 152: Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
Page 153 and 154: DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
Page 155 and 156: Even the winter dens differ from th
Page 157 and 158: Until 1970, the following major law
Page 159 and 160: He states that there is a connectio
Page 161 and 162: 7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
Page 163: Polar pack ice covers the central p
Page 167 and 168: from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
Page 169 and 170: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
Page 171 and 172: After firing we kept watch over the
Page 173 and 174: RESULTS Results of the experiments
Page 175 and 176: } Duration of immobilization; comme
Page 177 and 178: One attempt was made to immobilize
Page 179 and 180: BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
Page 181 and 182: Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
Page 183 and 184: TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
Page 185 and 186: Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
Page 187 and 188: Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
Page 189 and 190: We were lucky to observe three time
Page 191 and 192: In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
Page 193 and 194: In good weather, opened dens with s
Page 195 and 196: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
Page 197 and 198: not be done, the hunter was given a
Page 199 and 200: Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
Page 201 and 202: DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
Page 203 and 204: REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
Page 205 and 206: the primate temporal lobe which is
Page 207 and 208: Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
Page 209 and 210: Kit drank more on only 15. In June
Page 211 and 212: would immediately show interest, co
Page 213 and 214: Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
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A highly developed greeting ceremon
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KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
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EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
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they did not in general cease their
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Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
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Many field observations suggest tha
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groups even with very frequent dump
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PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
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The capture and tagging of 13 bears
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TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
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TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
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Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
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Bears at the falls minimized compet
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the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
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males have their way. I'd say this,
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my way back to camp and I'd carried
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ears in Montana. It was masked by g
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ears like that, the subadults, usua
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The second observation I want to ma
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In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
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TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
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that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
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TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
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Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
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number of intrusions into park deve
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REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
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Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
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settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
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will be summarised here to provide
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C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
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Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
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its community. In other words, its
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COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
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to and after this month. Our census
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They have shaped and are integrally
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individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
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National Park Service Report, 'Griz
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This just equals the average annual
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has helped the sanitation problem.
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3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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