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TROYER, W. A. 1961. The brown bear harvest in relation to management on the Kodiak Islands. Trans. 26th. N. Amer. Wildlife & Nat'l. Resources Conf. 26: 460-468. TSCHANZ, von B., MEYER-HOLZAPFEL, M. & BACHMANN, S. 1970. Das informationsystem bei braunbären. Z. Tierpsych. 27: 47-72. USPENSKI, S. M. & KISTCHINSKI, A. A. 1972. In this volume. 18
PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CHARACTERIS- TICS, MOVEMENTS AND NATURAL HISTORY OF BEARS Radio Tracking Brown <strong>Bears</strong> on Kodiak Island VERNON D. BERNS Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Kodiak, Alaska and RICHARD J. HENSEL Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Anchorage, Alaska SUMMARY As part of a continuing study on brown bears (Ursus arctos), the movement patterns and activities are described on the basis of 247 fixes obtained from 14 radio-equipped bears during the summer and fall seasons of 1967-69 at the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. The size of individual activity areas established by eight bears averaged 5. 5 square miles and four bears used two activity areas each that averaged 5.7 square miles in size. Activities were associated with food gathering and winter denning. Fix frequency and location indicated that the 14 bears studied spent most or 50 percent of their time in lowland habitat. INTRODUCTION One objective of our long-term investigations was to determine the movement patterns and habitat requirements of brown bears (Ursus arctos middendorffi) on the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska. A total of 202 bears were live-trapped during periodic field studies conducted from 1959 to 1966, using techniques described by Troyer & Hensel (1961). Each bear was marked so recoveries and field observations could be the means of obtaining this information. Effectiveness, however, was reduced by a high incidence of marker loss and an excessive time lapse between observation or recovery dates. A radio tracking study has been in progress since 1967 in an attempt to obtain more refined data (Berns 1968). This paper reports the findings made of movement and habitat use patterns noted during summer and fall seasons of 1967-69. Special credit is given to P. Martin and W. Dodge for their guidance in the use of electronic equipment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 14 bears used in this study included 8 females with young, 4 solitary females and 2 mature males which were captured with the aid of steel traps and drug delivery equipment. A radio transmitter was attached as a collar around the neck of each animal (Tester et al. 1964). Movements and behavior of radio-equipped bears were monitored from a receiver mounted in a Piper Supercub aircraft and to a lesser extent by hand-held portable receivers 19
Page 1 and 2: IUCN Publications new series No. 23
Page 3 and 4: I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
Page 5 and 6: Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
Page 7 and 8: Contents Introduction to the biolog
Page 9 and 10: Introduction to the Biology and Man
Page 11 and 12: National parks in the United States
Page 13 and 14: Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
Page 15: LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
Page 19 and 20: dary. This procedure has the advant
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
Page 23 and 24: found along adjacent foothills. Low
Page 25 and 26: numerous census techniques and in m
Page 27 and 28: SEX RATIOS There was no significant
Page 29 and 30: HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
Page 31 and 32: to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
Page 33 and 34: In an area of approximately 500 squ
Page 35 and 36: cruises of known mileage by foot an
Page 37 and 38: 156 miles on the Sugar lands route
Page 39 and 40: From a total of 92 survey forms dis
Page 41 and 42: PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
Page 45 and 46: TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
Page 47 and 48: FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
Page 49 and 50: However, certain relationships were
Page 51 and 52: PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
Page 53 and 54: head from these bears. Commission p
Page 55 and 56: Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
Page 59 and 60: on an offal pile or on a deer or el
Page 61 and 62: An undetermined species of hookworm
Page 63 and 64: Providing information to personnel
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
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still winter conditions. On emergin
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utting time were in an exhausted st
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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ut recent information is lacking. F
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Simultaneously the isolated souther
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CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
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F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
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PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
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Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
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neck diameter by inserting two scre
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Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
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TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
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TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
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Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
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Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
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the cave, she could discourage unso
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emained in the den. In late afterno
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Our observations reveal that mature
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, , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
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winter denning of bears to allow an
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Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
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from the earth as a heat sink to th
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DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
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Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
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and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
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throughout the year on wild caught
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Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
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SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
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willow and grasses in mountainous a
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TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
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TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
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Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
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to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
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around that you could equate to a p
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
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projection on a screen or on photog
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
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RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
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A small number of denned adults wit
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Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
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ears has never been reported outsid
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gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
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Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
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DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
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Even the winter dens differ from th
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Until 1970, the following major law
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He states that there is a connectio
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7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
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Polar pack ice covers the central p
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POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
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from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
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After firing we kept watch over the
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RESULTS Results of the experiments
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} Duration of immobilization; comme
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One attempt was made to immobilize
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BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
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Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
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Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
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Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
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We were lucky to observe three time
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In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
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In good weather, opened dens with s
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
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not be done, the hunter was given a
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Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
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DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
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REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
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the primate temporal lobe which is
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Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
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Kit drank more on only 15. In June
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would immediately show interest, co
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Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
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A highly developed greeting ceremon
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KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
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EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
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they did not in general cease their
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Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
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Many field observations suggest tha
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groups even with very frequent dump
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PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
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The capture and tagging of 13 bears
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TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
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TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
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Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
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Bears at the falls minimized compet
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the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
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males have their way. I'd say this,
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my way back to camp and I'd carried
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ears in Montana. It was masked by g
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ears like that, the subadults, usua
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The second observation I want to ma
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In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
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TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
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that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
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TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
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Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
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number of intrusions into park deve
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REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
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Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
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settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
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will be summarised here to provide
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C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
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Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
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its community. In other words, its
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COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
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to and after this month. Our census
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They have shaped and are integrally
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individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
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National Park Service Report, 'Griz
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This just equals the average annual
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has helped the sanitation problem.
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3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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