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Don't Know 3.8 Don't Know 4.8 Don't Know 9.2 TABLE 4. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR NEWBORN CUB WEIGHT, ADULT WEIGHT, AND LONGEVITY A. Weight of Newborn Cub (Pounds) 50 9.8 B. Weight of Average Adult Bear (Pounds) 800 C. Longevity of Average Bear (Years) 50 1.4 261
conception of the size of the black bears. Perhaps they have been influenced by stories of the larger grizzly, brown or polar bears. How Long Does a Bear Live? Answers to a question on the longevity of the average black bear are presented in Table 4C. Although some actuarial studies indicate that the average black bear lives 10 years or less, the question seemed to be interpreted by most people as excluding mortality of cubs. Their interpretation was: Given a bear that is a young adult, how long is his life expectancy ? We scored 11-20 years as correct responses. Certainly bears have been known to live in captivity and in the field 30 years or more. Conclusion This bear knowledge group of ten questions yielded ten scores upon which we could classify people based on the amount of bear knowledge that they possessed. The number of people getting an answer correct ranged from less than 10 percent on some questions to over 97 percent on others, leading to a good mix of easy and hard questions. CHARACTERISTICS OF PARK VISITORS IN RELATION TO BEAR KNOW- LEDGE Based on the 'correct' answers noted in the previous section, each interviewed subject could be given a bear knowledge score of from zero to ten. The modal and median score was 5 correct answers, and a rather remarkable normal distribution was found. Less than one percent of the subjects got all 10 items correct, and only about 2 percent had 9 or 10 correct. On the other hand, no persons scored zero, and only one percent of the people had as few as one correct response. In order to compare users more easily on bear knowledge, sub-groups were formed based on those who scored above the median (6 or more correct) and those who scored below the median (4 or less correct). In the high knowledge subgroup, there were 168 subjects, and in the low knowledge subgroup, 210 subjects. Sex A greater proportion of males scored higher than females. About 35 percent of the males scored 4 or less correct answers, whereas almost 49 percent of the females were in this category. Conversely, about 19 percent of the males scored 7 or more correct answers, whereas only about 9 percent of the females were in this category. Hunting It has often been claimed that hunters and other sportsmen are more knowledgable about the out-of-doors and wildlife in general than the nonhunter. Our findings somewhat support this conclusion. Approximately 37 per cent of the hunters scored 4 or less, whereas 43 percent of the nonhunters were in this category. When it comes to high bear knowledge, the differences are more marked with about 27 percent of the hunters and only 11 percent of the nonhunters scoring 7 or better. The median score for both groups, however, was 5 correct answers. 262
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
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Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
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LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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dary. This procedure has the advant
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TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
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found along adjacent foothills. Low
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numerous census techniques and in m
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SEX RATIOS There was no significant
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HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
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to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
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In an area of approximately 500 squ
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cruises of known mileage by foot an
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156 miles on the Sugar lands route
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From a total of 92 survey forms dis
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Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
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TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
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FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
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However, certain relationships were
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head from these bears. Commission p
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Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
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TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
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on an offal pile or on a deer or el
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An undetermined species of hookworm
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Providing information to personnel
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Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
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still winter conditions. On emergin
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utting time were in an exhausted st
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ut recent information is lacking. F
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Simultaneously the isolated souther
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CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
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F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
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PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
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Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
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neck diameter by inserting two scre
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Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
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TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
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TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
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Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
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Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
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the cave, she could discourage unso
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emained in the den. In late afterno
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Our observations reveal that mature
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, , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
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winter denning of bears to allow an
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Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
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from the earth as a heat sink to th
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DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
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Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
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and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
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throughout the year on wild caught
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Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
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SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
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willow and grasses in mountainous a
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TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
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TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
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Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
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to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
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around that you could equate to a p
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
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projection on a screen or on photog
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
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RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
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A small number of denned adults wit
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Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
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ears has never been reported outsid
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gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
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Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
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DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
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Even the winter dens differ from th
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Until 1970, the following major law
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He states that there is a connectio
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7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
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Polar pack ice covers the central p
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POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
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from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
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After firing we kept watch over the
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RESULTS Results of the experiments
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} Duration of immobilization; comme
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One attempt was made to immobilize
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BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
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Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
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Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
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Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
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We were lucky to observe three time
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In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
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In good weather, opened dens with s
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
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not be done, the hunter was given a
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Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
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DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
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REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
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the primate temporal lobe which is
Page 207 and 208: Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
Page 209 and 210: Kit drank more on only 15. In June
Page 211 and 212: would immediately show interest, co
Page 213 and 214: Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
Page 215 and 216: A highly developed greeting ceremon
Page 217 and 218: KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
Page 219 and 220: EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
Page 221 and 222: they did not in general cease their
Page 223 and 224: Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
Page 225 and 226: Many field observations suggest tha
Page 227 and 228: groups even with very frequent dump
Page 229 and 230: PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
Page 231 and 232: The capture and tagging of 13 bears
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
Page 237 and 238: Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
Page 239 and 240: Bears at the falls minimized compet
Page 241 and 242: the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
Page 243 and 244: males have their way. I'd say this,
Page 245 and 246: my way back to camp and I'd carried
Page 247 and 248: ears in Montana. It was masked by g
Page 249 and 250: ears like that, the subadults, usua
Page 251 and 252: The second observation I want to ma
Page 253 and 254: In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
Page 255 and 256: TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
Page 257: TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
Page 261 and 262: Occupation Occupation was not relat
Page 263 and 264: TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
Page 265 and 266: The Elkmont campers were most conce
Page 267 and 268: TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
Page 269 and 270: TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
Page 271 and 272: PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
Page 273 and 274: number of visitors per year was abo
Page 275 and 276: TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
Page 277 and 278: that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
Page 279 and 280: TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
Page 281 and 282: Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
Page 283 and 284: number of intrusions into park deve
Page 285 and 286: REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
Page 287 and 288: Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
Page 289 and 290: settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
Page 291 and 292: will be summarised here to provide
Page 293 and 294: C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
Page 295 and 296: Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
Page 297 and 298: its community. In other words, its
Page 299 and 300: COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
Page 301 and 302: PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
Page 303 and 304: to and after this month. Our census
Page 305 and 306: They have shaped and are integrally
Page 307 and 308: individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
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National Park Service Report, 'Griz
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This just equals the average annual
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has helped the sanitation problem.
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3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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Bears - IUCN

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