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phase-out policy, combined with the elimination of two-time offenders, could reduce the grizzly bear population of the Yellowstone Park. -National Forest Ecosystem to a dangerously low level in a relatively short period of time. We believe that grizzly bears and man can coexist in this vast ecosystem if management is tailored to the facts of bear behavior, if all campgrounds and developed areas are sanitized, if open-pit dumps are slowly phased out, if the visiting public is willing to accept a small risk, and if all agencies having a vested responsibility in solving the problem work cooperatively toward common objectives. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper would not be possible except for the team assistance of many people and the financial support of numerous organizations. We extend special thanks and credit to Jay Sumner, Harry Reynolds, Jim Claar, Maurice Hornocker and Robert Ruff, who first as students, then as research associates, worked closely with us in the field and in the laboratory. Bart W. O'Gara critically reviewed the manuscript. Special thanks are also due Mr. Lemuel Garrison, former Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park, and C. R. Gutermuth, Vice-president, Wildlife Management Institute. Their understanding and encouragement of our research made it possible for us to initiate this grizzly bear study and to maintain the continuity of effort so essential to long-term investigations. We gratefully acknowledge the following organizations for financial aid: National Science Foundation National Geographic Society Philco Corporation Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife University of Montana Wildlife Management Institute Montana Fish and Game Department Boone and Crockett Club Environmental Research Institute National Park Service New York Zoological Society Atomic Energy Commision REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, F. C, Jr. & CRAIGHEAD, J. J. 1965. Tracking grizzly bears. BioScience,15: 88. . 1969. Radiotracking of grizzly bears in Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, 1964. Nat. Geogr. Soc. Res. Repts., 1964 Projects, p. 35-43. . 1970. Radiotracking of grizzly bears in Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, 1965. Nat. Geogr. Soc. Res. Repts., 1965 Projects, p. 35-43. . In prep. Grizzly bear prehibernation and denning activities as determined by radiotracking. Manuscript in prep. for Wildlife Monograph Series. CRAIGHEAD, J. J. HORNOCKER, M., WOODGERD, W. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C. Jr. 1960. Trapping, immobilizing and color-marking grizzly bears. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf., 25: 347-363 331
CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C. Jr. 1967. Management of bears in Yellowstone National Park. Mimeo, report, 118 p. . HORNOCKER M.& CRAIGHEAD, F.C. Jr. 1969. Reproductive biology of young female grizzly bears. J. Reprod. Fert., Suppl., 6: 447-475. . CRAIGHEAD, F. C. Jr. & McCUTCHEN, H. E. 1970. Age determination of grizzly bears from fourth premolar tooth sections. J. Wildl. Mgmt., 34: 353-363. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C. Jr. In prep. Management of grizzly bears. Manuscript in prep. for Wildlife Monograph Series. LEOPOLD, A. S. 1970. Weaning grizzly bears. Nat. History, 79: 94-101. MOMENT, G. B. 1968. <strong>Bears</strong>: The need for a new sanity in wildlife conservation. BioScience, 18: 1105-1108. MULLEN, L. & BOOTH, J. 1969. Grizzly bear study progress report. Typewritten, 5 p. National Park Service. 1880-1970. Annual reports of the superintendents of Yellowstone National Park. Historical Museum; Mammoth, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. . 1967. Grizzly bear attacks at Granite Park and Trout Lake in Glacier National Park, August 13, 1967. Mimeo. report, 22 p. Natural Sciences Advisory Committee of the National Park Service. 1969. A bear management policy and program for Yellowstone National Park. Mimeo. report, 8 p. OLSEN, J. 1969. Night of the grizzlies. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 254 p. 332
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
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Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
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LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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dary. This procedure has the advant
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TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
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found along adjacent foothills. Low
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numerous census techniques and in m
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SEX RATIOS There was no significant
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HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
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to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
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In an area of approximately 500 squ
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cruises of known mileage by foot an
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156 miles on the Sugar lands route
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From a total of 92 survey forms dis
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Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
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TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
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FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
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However, certain relationships were
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head from these bears. Commission p
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Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
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TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
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on an offal pile or on a deer or el
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An undetermined species of hookworm
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Providing information to personnel
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Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
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still winter conditions. On emergin
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utting time were in an exhausted st
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ut recent information is lacking. F
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Simultaneously the isolated souther
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CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
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F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
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PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
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Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
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neck diameter by inserting two scre
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Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
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TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
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TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
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Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
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Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
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the cave, she could discourage unso
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emained in the den. In late afterno
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Our observations reveal that mature
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, , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
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winter denning of bears to allow an
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Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
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from the earth as a heat sink to th
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DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
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Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
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and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
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throughout the year on wild caught
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Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
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SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
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willow and grasses in mountainous a
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TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
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TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
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Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
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to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
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around that you could equate to a p
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
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projection on a screen or on photog
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
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RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
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A small number of denned adults wit
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Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
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ears has never been reported outsid
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gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
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Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
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DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
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Even the winter dens differ from th
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Until 1970, the following major law
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He states that there is a connectio
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7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
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Polar pack ice covers the central p
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POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
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from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
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After firing we kept watch over the
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RESULTS Results of the experiments
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} Duration of immobilization; comme
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One attempt was made to immobilize
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BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
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Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
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Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
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Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
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We were lucky to observe three time
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In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
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In good weather, opened dens with s
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
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not be done, the hunter was given a
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Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
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DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
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REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
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the primate temporal lobe which is
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Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
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Kit drank more on only 15. In June
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would immediately show interest, co
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Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
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A highly developed greeting ceremon
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KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
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EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
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they did not in general cease their
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Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
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Many field observations suggest tha
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groups even with very frequent dump
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PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
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The capture and tagging of 13 bears
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TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
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TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
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Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
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Bears at the falls minimized compet
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the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
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males have their way. I'd say this,
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my way back to camp and I'd carried
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ears in Montana. It was masked by g
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ears like that, the subadults, usua
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The second observation I want to ma
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In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
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TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
Page 277 and 278: that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
Page 279 and 280: TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
Page 281 and 282: Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
Page 283 and 284: number of intrusions into park deve
Page 285 and 286: REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
Page 287 and 288: Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
Page 289 and 290: settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
Page 291 and 292: will be summarised here to provide
Page 293 and 294: C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
Page 295 and 296: Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
Page 297 and 298: its community. In other words, its
Page 299 and 300: COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
Page 301 and 302: PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
Page 303 and 304: to and after this month. Our census
Page 305 and 306: They have shaped and are integrally
Page 307 and 308: individually and quantitatively doc
Page 309 and 310: ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
Page 311 and 312: National Park Service Report, 'Griz
Page 313 and 314: This just equals the average annual
Page 315 and 316: has helped the sanitation problem.
Page 317 and 318: 3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
Page 319 and 320: TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
Page 321 and 322: TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
Page 323 and 324: Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
Page 325 and 326: Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
Page 327: No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
Page 331 and 332: PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
Page 333 and 334: ears present the least conflict wit
Page 335 and 336: een marked. This could be done alon
Page 337 and 338: spring and fall and so in a way it
Page 339 and 340: that we would have too much difficu
Page 341 and 342: and southward into the Mizo Hills a
Page 343 and 344: now but a relict population, is und
Page 345 and 346: This suggests a population of close
Page 347 and 348: Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
Page 349 and 350: support approximately 3, 300 bears
Page 351 and 352: Natural mortality is estimated at a
Page 353 and 354: TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
Page 355 and 356: TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
Page 357 and 358: The research already undertaken has
Page 359 and 360: smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
Page 361 and 362: transplant or into zoos may have to
Page 363 and 364: HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
Page 365 and 366: Index Figures in bold type are rele
Page 367 and 368: INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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