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BARRICK, F.B. 1970. Bear study progress report. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commiss. Newsletter 4 pp. mimeo. BOWES, J. 1959. Grizzly. Imperial Oil Review 43: 26-29. BROMLEY, J. 1959. The bears of the southern far east of the USSR. State Publ. House 'Nauka'. Moscow-Leningrad, pp. 1-221. CAHALANE, V.H. 1964. A preliminary study of distribution and numbers of cougar, grizzly and wolf in North America. N.Y. Zool. Soc. 12 pp. COLE, Glen F. 1970. Grizzly bear management in Yellowstone Park. Research Note #3, Yellowstone Nat. Park. 12 pp. mineo. 1971. Preservation and management of grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park. Second Int. Conf. on Bear Research and Management. Calgary 1970. 29 pp. mimeo. COWAN, I. McT. 1938. Geographic distribution of color phases of the red fox and black bear in the Pacific Northwest. J. Mammal. 19 2: 202-206. CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C. Jr. 1972. Grizzly Bear—man relationships in Yellowstone National Park. (This volume) CURRY-LINDAHL K. 1965. The plight of Scandinavia's large carnivores. Animals 7: 92-97. DAVIS, D. D. 1962. Mammals of the lowland rain-forest of North Borneo. Bull. Nat. Mus. State of Singapore 31: 96. ELGMORK, K. 1966. Fredningsproblemer vedrorende den siste faste bjornestamme i for Norge (Vassfarbjornen). Foredrag Nord. Viltforsk. Konf., Stockholm, 1966. 34-39. ERICKSON, A. W. 1959. The age of self sufficiency in the black bear. J. Wild. Mgmt. 23(4): 401-405. 1965. The brown-grizzly bear in Alaska, its ecology and management. Alaska Dept. Fish and Game. Fed. Aid. in Wildl. Rest. Proj. Report. V: 1-42. 1966. Spectacled bear—status survey in South America. In The ark underway: 2nd report of the World Wildlife Fund 1965-67: 206-207. & SINIFF, D. B. 1963. A statistical evaluation of factors influencing aerial survey results on brown bears. 28th N.Amer. Wildl. Conf. 391-409. NELLOR, JOHN, & PETRIDES, G. A. 1964. The black bear in Michigan. Mich. State U., Agric. Exp. Sta., Research Bull. # 4: 1-102. GEE, E.P. 1967. A note on the occurence of the Malayan sun bear Helarctos malayanus Raffles within Indian limits. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 64: 352-354. GRENQUIST,P. 1970. Recent changes in Finnish game populations. Finnish Game Res. #50: 27-34. GREER, K.S. 1970. Grizzly bear mortality studies in Montana. Mss. 18 pp. GRIMWOOD, I. R. 1969. Notes on the distribution and status of some Peruvian mammals. Spec. Publ.# 21, Amer. Committee for Int. Wildl. Prot. and N.Y. Zool. Soc. 86 pp. HAGLUND, B. 1968. De Stora Rovdjurens Vintervanor II. Viltrevy 5 (6): 217-361. 365
HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in the ecology of the black bear (Ursus americanus) in interior Alaska. M. Sc. Thesis, U. of Alaska. 111 pp. HERRERO, S. 1970. Human injury inflicted by grizzly bears. Science 170 (3958): 593-598. INUKAI, T. 1936. The animal life of Hokkaido. Dai Nippon 1936 (reprint with new pagination) pp. 1-14. 1969. Metabolism of strychnine nitrate applied for control of the bear. Residue Reviews. 25: 315-318. ISAKOVIC, I. 1970. Game management in Yugoslavia. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 34(4): 800-812. JONKEL, C. J. 1967. The ecology, population dynamics and management of black bear in the spruce-fir forest of northerwestern Montana. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, U. of British Columbia. 170 pp. 1970. Mss. report to I.U.C.N. Polar Bear Group. 1970. KLEIN, D. R., TROYER, W. & RAUSCH, R. A. 1958. The status of brown bear in Alaska. 9th Alaska Sci. Conf. 11 pp. mimeo. KROTT, P. & KROTT,G. 1962. Zum verhatten das braunbären (Ursus arctos L.1758) in den Alpen. z. f. Tierpsychol. Bd. 20(H 2): 160-206. LANE, GRACE. 1970. The return of the animals. Imperial Oil Review 54(5): 21-25. LEOPOLD, A. S. 1967. Grizzlies of the Sierra Del Nido. Pacific Discovery 20(5): 30-32. 1967. Bear management policy and programme for Yellowstone National Park. Mss. 7 pp. 1969. Weaning grizzly bears: A report on Ursus arctos horribilis. Natural History 79(1): 94-101. MACPHERSON, A. H. 1965. The barren-ground grizzly bear and its survival in northern Canada. Canadian Audubon Mag. Jan-Feb. 1965. reprint pp.1-7 & JONKEL, C. 1970. Polar Bear management changes in Canada. I.U.C.N. Polar Bear Group. 11 pp. mimeo. MCKINLEY, D. 1962. The history of the black bear in Missouri. The Bluebird 29(3): 1-16. MAKSIMOV, I. A. & SOKOLOV, V.K. 1965. Polar Bear: distribution and status of stocks; problems of conservation and research. Proc. First Internat. Sci. Meeting on Polar Bear. U. of Alaska. pp. 39-43. MARTINKA,C. J. 1970. Grizzly ecology studies/Glacier National Park. Nat. Park. Serv. Progress Report. 1968. 43 pp. mimeo. MYREBERGET, S. 1969. The Norwegian population of brown bear (Ursus arctos L.). Papers of the Norwegian State Game Res. Inst. 2 ser., nr. 29:21. NORRIS, T. 1969. Ceylon sloth bear. Animals Nov. 1969: 300-303. OSTROUMOV, A. G. 1968. Aero visual censusing of the numbers of brown bears in Kamchatka and certain results of observations on their behaviour. Bull. Moscow Naturalists Soc. 73(2): 35-49. (In translation). 366
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
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Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
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LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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dary. This procedure has the advant
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TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
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found along adjacent foothills. Low
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numerous census techniques and in m
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SEX RATIOS There was no significant
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HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
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to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
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In an area of approximately 500 squ
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cruises of known mileage by foot an
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156 miles on the Sugar lands route
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From a total of 92 survey forms dis
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Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
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TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
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FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
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However, certain relationships were
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head from these bears. Commission p
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Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
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TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
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on an offal pile or on a deer or el
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An undetermined species of hookworm
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Providing information to personnel
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Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
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still winter conditions. On emergin
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utting time were in an exhausted st
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ut recent information is lacking. F
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Simultaneously the isolated souther
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CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
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F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
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PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
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Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
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neck diameter by inserting two scre
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Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
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TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
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TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
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Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
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Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
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the cave, she could discourage unso
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emained in the den. In late afterno
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Our observations reveal that mature
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, , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
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winter denning of bears to allow an
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Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
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from the earth as a heat sink to th
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DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
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Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
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and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
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throughout the year on wild caught
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Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
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SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
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willow and grasses in mountainous a
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TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
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TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
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Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
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to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
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around that you could equate to a p
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
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projection on a screen or on photog
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
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RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
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A small number of denned adults wit
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Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
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ears has never been reported outsid
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gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
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Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
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DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
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Even the winter dens differ from th
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Until 1970, the following major law
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He states that there is a connectio
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7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
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Polar pack ice covers the central p
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POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
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from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
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After firing we kept watch over the
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RESULTS Results of the experiments
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} Duration of immobilization; comme
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One attempt was made to immobilize
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BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
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Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
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Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
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Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
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We were lucky to observe three time
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In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
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In good weather, opened dens with s
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
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not be done, the hunter was given a
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Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
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DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
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REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
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the primate temporal lobe which is
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Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
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Kit drank more on only 15. In June
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would immediately show interest, co
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Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
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A highly developed greeting ceremon
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KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
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EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
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they did not in general cease their
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Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
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Many field observations suggest tha
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groups even with very frequent dump
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PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
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The capture and tagging of 13 bears
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TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
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TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
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Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
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Bears at the falls minimized compet
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the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
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males have their way. I'd say this,
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my way back to camp and I'd carried
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ears in Montana. It was masked by g
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ears like that, the subadults, usua
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The second observation I want to ma
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In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
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TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
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that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
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TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
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Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
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number of intrusions into park deve
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REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
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Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
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settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
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will be summarised here to provide
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C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
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Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
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its community. In other words, its
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COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
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to and after this month. Our census
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They have shaped and are integrally
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individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
Page 311 and 312: National Park Service Report, 'Griz
Page 313 and 314: This just equals the average annual
Page 315 and 316: has helped the sanitation problem.
Page 317 and 318: 3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
Page 319 and 320: TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
Page 321 and 322: TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
Page 323 and 324: Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
Page 325 and 326: Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
Page 327 and 328: No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
Page 329 and 330: CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
Page 331 and 332: PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
Page 333 and 334: ears present the least conflict wit
Page 335 and 336: een marked. This could be done alon
Page 337 and 338: spring and fall and so in a way it
Page 339 and 340: that we would have too much difficu
Page 341 and 342: and southward into the Mizo Hills a
Page 343 and 344: now but a relict population, is und
Page 345 and 346: This suggests a population of close
Page 347 and 348: Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
Page 349 and 350: support approximately 3, 300 bears
Page 351 and 352: Natural mortality is estimated at a
Page 353 and 354: TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
Page 355 and 356: TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
Page 357 and 358: The research already undertaken has
Page 359 and 360: smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
Page 361: transplant or into zoos may have to
Page 365 and 366: Index Figures in bold type are rele
Page 367 and 368: INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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