Bears - IUCN

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Age Mortality The third lower molar (Munday & Fuller 1964) and the fourth lower premolar (Craighead et al. 1970) of grizzly bears are criteria for age determinations. An obliteration of skull sutures in grizzlies is obviously correlated with age and sequence of fusions may be similar to that of the black bear (Marks & Erickson 1966). Therefore, every effort is being made to obtain and examine the head of each grizzly mortality. Skulls are cleaned, examined and photographed. Some teeth are extracted for root segments and the remaining portions are replaced. Grizzly skulls from hunting trophies are returned to the respective owners. Recovery of grizzly skulls from the annual mortality has increased from 35 to 82 percent in the past 3 years (Table 5). A new regulation requires the hunter to recover the grizzly head and it is expected that all of these and more than 70 percent of the skulls from the other grizzly mortality will be available for examination. Only 17 skulls were available from the 20 females killed in 1969 and ages were tentatively classified as: 1 cub, 5 sub-adults and 11 adults. TABLE 5. ANNUAL GRIZZLY MORTALITY AND SKULLS AVAILABLE FOR EXAMINATION Year 1967 1968 1969 Hunter—Harvest- Skulls Other— Mortality- Skulls Parks—Mortality- Skulls Total—Mortality- Skulls Percent—Skulls 24 0 17 8 10 10 51 18 35 12 7 16 8 14 13 42 28 67 33 27 15 10 14 14 62 51 82 Hunter Replies The grizzly has foraging characteristics which include visiting game kills, offal piles, camps or refuse areas. On occasions bears are observed while traveling on trails, in the timber, in open meadows or even in a resting area. Usually the grizzly tends to be elusive and rather difficult to locate and observe but at times they will command and defend a food supply. Along with these comments, several questions were asked of the 33 hunters taking a grizzly during the 1969 season. 29 responded. Grizzlies were located by hunters under various circumstances. About half of the grizzlies killed were accidentally encountered in the trail, in a meadow or in the brush or timber while the hunter was pursuing elk. Five were found 61
on an offal pile or on a deer or elk kill; two came into camp; one was in the yard of a home; and six were subjectively hunted. When shooting their bears, nine hunters reported that at least one other bear was in the vicinity. Only six hunters stalked closer after sighting the bear. All grizzlies were killed at a range of under 200 yards; 12 ranged between 100 and 200 yards while the rest were 75 yards or less. Twenty of the bears were killed with only one shot. Nine hunters killed a big game animal before killing a grizzly. About 12 hunted more than 1 day for a grizzly, 12 sighted more than one grizzly and only one reported to have passed up a bear before shooting the one he did. Of the 29 respondees 8 were guides or outfitters, 6 were with guides, 14 hunted on their own and 1 did not answer this question. Other Harvest Wherever grizzlies occur there is an occasional association with humans or their personal property. Under some circumstances, grizzlies are considered a hazard to the public and when trapping and transplanting is not feasible the animal is dispatched by shooting or lethal injection of drugs. These specimens are usually transferred to the Bozeman laboratories. A program is continuing for obtaining, examining and processing grizzly bears taken during the year. Agencies cooperating with the Montana Fish and Game Department Wildlife Laboratory include: Veterinary Research Laboratory, Montana Livestock Sanitary Board, Montana Wildlife Cooperative Research Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Predator Control, Glacier National Park and Yellowstone National Park (Table 6). Parasite Studies The grizzly heads from hunter kills or complete carcasses of 57 bears (37 grizzlies and 20 blacks) were examined for parasites in 1969. When the entire carcass was available, a complete necropsy was performed, including a search for both external and internal parasites. In instances where only the head was submitted, the tongue and masseter were examined for evidence of porkworm larvae (Trichinella spiralis). Examinations were conducted by the Veterinary Research Laboratory. Trichinella was the most frequent parasite, occurring in 67 percent of the grizzlies. The tissues sampled for larvae were the tongue, masseter and, when available, the diaphragm and a portion of the thigh muscle. The heaviest infections were found in the tongue and masseter. In two grizzly bears, concentrations of larvae were present in the muscles which approached or surpassed lethal levels (over 100 larvae per gram) for man. In 1968, larval concentrations ranged from 0. 3 to 142. 7 larvae per gram in 79 percent (11 of 14) of the grizzly tongues examined. Larvae of Trichinella were Hot found in any of the black bears during 1969; however, this parasite was present in one of the two black bears examined in 1968. The most common gastro-intestinal parasite was the large roundworm (Baylisascaris transfuga). It occurred in 85 percent (11 of 13) of the grizzlies and 71 percent (five of seven) of the black bears as light infections with less than ten roundworms per bear. In 1968, four of five grizzlies and one of two blacks contained this roundworm. Two types of tapeworms were recovered; a Taenia species in four grizzlies and one black, and a species of Diphyllobothrium in four grizzlies. 62
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
Page 7 and 8: Contents Introduction to the biolog
Page 9 and 10: Introduction to the Biology and Man
Page 11 and 12: National parks in the United States
Page 13 and 14: Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
Page 15 and 16: LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
Page 17 and 18: PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
Page 19 and 20: dary. This procedure has the advant
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
Page 23 and 24: found along adjacent foothills. Low
Page 25 and 26: numerous census techniques and in m
Page 27 and 28: SEX RATIOS There was no significant
Page 29 and 30: HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
Page 31 and 32: to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
Page 33 and 34: In an area of approximately 500 squ
Page 35 and 36: cruises of known mileage by foot an
Page 37 and 38: 156 miles on the Sugar lands route
Page 39 and 40: From a total of 92 survey forms dis
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
Page 45 and 46: TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
Page 47 and 48: FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
Page 49 and 50: However, certain relationships were
Page 53 and 54: head from these bears. Commission p
Page 55 and 56: Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
Page 57: TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
Page 61 and 62: An undetermined species of hookworm
Page 63 and 64: Providing information to personnel
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
Page 67 and 68: still winter conditions. On emergin
Page 69 and 70: utting time were in an exhausted st
Page 73 and 74: ut recent information is lacking. F
Page 75 and 76: Simultaneously the isolated souther
Page 77 and 78: CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
Page 79 and 80: F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
Page 81 and 82: PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
Page 83 and 84: Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
Page 85 and 86: neck diameter by inserting two scre
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
Page 93 and 94: Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
Page 97 and 98: the cave, she could discourage unso
Page 99 and 100: emained in the den. In late afterno
Page 101 and 102: Our observations reveal that mature
Page 103 and 104: , , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
Page 105 and 106: winter denning of bears to allow an
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
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from the earth as a heat sink to th
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DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
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Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
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and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
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throughout the year on wild caught
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Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
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SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
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willow and grasses in mountainous a
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TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
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TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
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Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
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to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
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around that you could equate to a p
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
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projection on a screen or on photog
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
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RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
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A small number of denned adults wit
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Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
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ears has never been reported outsid
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gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
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Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
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DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
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Even the winter dens differ from th
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Until 1970, the following major law
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He states that there is a connectio
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7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
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Polar pack ice covers the central p
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POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
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from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
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After firing we kept watch over the
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RESULTS Results of the experiments
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} Duration of immobilization; comme
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One attempt was made to immobilize
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BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
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Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
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Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
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Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
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We were lucky to observe three time
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In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
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In good weather, opened dens with s
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
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not be done, the hunter was given a
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Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
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DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
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REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
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the primate temporal lobe which is
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Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
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Kit drank more on only 15. In June
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would immediately show interest, co
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Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
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A highly developed greeting ceremon
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KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
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EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
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they did not in general cease their
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Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
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Many field observations suggest tha
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groups even with very frequent dump
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PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
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The capture and tagging of 13 bears
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TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
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TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
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Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
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Bears at the falls minimized compet
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the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
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males have their way. I'd say this,
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my way back to camp and I'd carried
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ears in Montana. It was masked by g
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ears like that, the subadults, usua
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The second observation I want to ma
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In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
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TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
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that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
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TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
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Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
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number of intrusions into park deve
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REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
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Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
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settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
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will be summarised here to provide
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C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
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Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
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its community. In other words, its
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COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
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to and after this month. Our census
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They have shaped and are integrally
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individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
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National Park Service Report, 'Griz
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This just equals the average annual
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has helped the sanitation problem.
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3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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Bears - IUCN

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