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8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 25.3.1970 25.3.1970 26.3.1970 26.3.1970 c 12-15 5-6 6.4. 1970 7-9 220 150 300 250 250 250 4-5 130 250 + 150 250 + 50 1.14 1.67 0.83 1.92 + 2.00 13 21 d 8 5 5 e more than 1 h. after 66 min. raised herself on forelegs, moved head, neck, front part of the body ? ? After 2-3 hours slightly moved head and neck; after 7 h. freely moved head, neck, front part of the body; after 20 h. had left the den Notes a b c d e On the previous day this female received a small dosage (not exactly known) due to an unsuccessful shot. This female was shot not in a den but when being overtaken by a vehicle. After the first dosage she was weakened but continued to run for 20 min., after which a second dose was injected. In the course of testing new equipment, this bear received (before the dosage indicated) a very small, not exactly known previous dose which had failed to immobilize her. This bear was not completely immobilized. 30 min. after the first dosage the female was still not entirely immobilized and an additional dosage was injected. 179
One attempt was made to immobilize a female bear in a den using Myorelaxin (analogue of succinylcholine chloride). The experiment was a failure and the bear died of overdosage. Due to its physical properties Myorelaxin is inconvenient at low temperatures, and the conditions of work near or in a den do not allow the animal to be dealt with quickly enough. It is clear, therefore, that the drug is unsuitable for immobilizing bears in dens in winter. The total number of bears tagged in 1969 and 1970 was 12. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following people participated in the field work: the Manager of the Wrangel State Reserve, N. N. Vinkler, L. M. Baskin, B. G. Kramarenko, A. M. Kuropatov, B. V. Novikov, V. O. Targulian and E. A. Yavorski, Mr. Y. A. Gerassimov and Mr. V. A. Paponov not only took personal part in the studies but also prepared and improved the immobilizing equipment. The aid and advice of Dr. J. Brooks (USA) have also been of great value. REFERENCES CHERNYAVSKI, F. B. 1969. Craniometric variability of the polar bear in the Soviet Arctic in The Polar Bear and its Conservation in the Soviet Arctic, Hydrometeorol. Publ. House, Leningrad: 54-67 (in Russian) FLYGER, V., SCHEIN, M. W., ERICKSON A. W. and LARSEN, T. 1967. Capturing and handling polar bears—a progress report on polar bear ecological research. Trans. 32nd North Amer. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf., Washington: 107-119 JONKEL, C. 1967. Life history, ecology and biology of the polar bear. Autumn 1966 studies. Canad. Wildl. Service, Progress Notes, No. 1: 1-8 LARSON, T. 1967. The trapping and study of polar bears, Spitsbergen 1966. Polar Record, 13, No. 86: 589-593 1968. Ecological investigations on the polar bear in Svalbard. A progress report. Norsk Polarinstit.~A.rbok 1966, Oslo: 92-98 LENTFER, J. 1968. A technique for immobilizing and marking polar bears. J. Wildl. Mgmt., 32, No. 2: 317-321 1969. Polar bear tagging in Alaska, 1968. Polar Record, 14, No. 91: 459-462 USPENSKI, S. M. and KISTCHINSKI, A. A. New data on the winter ecology of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps) on Wrangel Island. (This volume, next paper). 180
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
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Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
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LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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dary. This procedure has the advant
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TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
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found along adjacent foothills. Low
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numerous census techniques and in m
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SEX RATIOS There was no significant
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HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
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to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
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In an area of approximately 500 squ
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cruises of known mileage by foot an
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156 miles on the Sugar lands route
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From a total of 92 survey forms dis
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Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
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TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
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FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
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However, certain relationships were
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head from these bears. Commission p
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Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
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TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
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on an offal pile or on a deer or el
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An undetermined species of hookworm
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Providing information to personnel
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Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
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still winter conditions. On emergin
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utting time were in an exhausted st
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ut recent information is lacking. F
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Simultaneously the isolated souther
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CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
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F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
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PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
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Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
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neck diameter by inserting two scre
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Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
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TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
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TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
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Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
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Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
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the cave, she could discourage unso
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emained in the den. In late afterno
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Our observations reveal that mature
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, , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
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winter denning of bears to allow an
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Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
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from the earth as a heat sink to th
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DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
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Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
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and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
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throughout the year on wild caught
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Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
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SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
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willow and grasses in mountainous a
Page 125 and 126: TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 127 and 128: TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
Page 129 and 130: Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
Page 131 and 132: to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
Page 133 and 134: around that you could equate to a p
Page 135 and 136: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
Page 137 and 138: projection on a screen or on photog
Page 139 and 140: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
Page 141 and 142: RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
Page 143 and 144: A small number of denned adults wit
Page 145 and 146: Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
Page 147 and 148: ears has never been reported outsid
Page 149 and 150: gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
Page 151 and 152: Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
Page 153 and 154: DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
Page 155 and 156: Even the winter dens differ from th
Page 157 and 158: Until 1970, the following major law
Page 159 and 160: He states that there is a connectio
Page 161 and 162: 7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
Page 163 and 164: Polar pack ice covers the central p
Page 165 and 166: POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
Page 167 and 168: from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
Page 169 and 170: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
Page 171 and 172: After firing we kept watch over the
Page 173 and 174: RESULTS Results of the experiments
Page 175: } Duration of immobilization; comme
Page 179 and 180: BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
Page 181 and 182: Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
Page 183 and 184: TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
Page 185 and 186: Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
Page 187 and 188: Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
Page 189 and 190: We were lucky to observe three time
Page 191 and 192: In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
Page 193 and 194: In good weather, opened dens with s
Page 195 and 196: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
Page 197 and 198: not be done, the hunter was given a
Page 199 and 200: Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
Page 201 and 202: DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
Page 203 and 204: REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
Page 205 and 206: the primate temporal lobe which is
Page 207 and 208: Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
Page 209 and 210: Kit drank more on only 15. In June
Page 211 and 212: would immediately show interest, co
Page 213 and 214: Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
Page 215 and 216: A highly developed greeting ceremon
Page 217 and 218: KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
Page 219 and 220: EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
Page 221 and 222: they did not in general cease their
Page 223 and 224: Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
Page 225 and 226: Many field observations suggest tha
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groups even with very frequent dump
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PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
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The capture and tagging of 13 bears
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TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
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TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
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Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
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Bears at the falls minimized compet
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the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
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males have their way. I'd say this,
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my way back to camp and I'd carried
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ears in Montana. It was masked by g
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ears like that, the subadults, usua
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The second observation I want to ma
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In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
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TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
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that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
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TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
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Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
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number of intrusions into park deve
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REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
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Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
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settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
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will be summarised here to provide
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C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
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Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
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its community. In other words, its
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COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
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to and after this month. Our census
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They have shaped and are integrally
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individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
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National Park Service Report, 'Griz
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This just equals the average annual
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has helped the sanitation problem.
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3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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