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106 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS frri p*pf"t r*tt fot Endanger€d Species is acknowledged for funding the entire project so far. Astra Wildlife (Pvt)Ltd has provided telecoms and workshop facilities Dr J'M Hutton and the CFAZ have provided local suppofl and encouragement' REFERENCES Amason, A,N. & L. Baniuk 1978. POPAN 2. A data maintenance and analysi system for mark-recapture data Charles Babbage Research Centre, Manitoba, Canada' 269Pp' cames, I. 1990. The feeding ecology of two Nile crocodile populations in the Zambesi valley. Unpublished D.Phil thesis, University of Zimbabwe' Hutton, J.M. 1984. Population ecology of the Nile crocodile' Unpublished D Pttil tEsis' University of Zimbabwe. Pollock, K.H., S.R. Winterstein, C.M. Bunck & P'D' Curtis 1989 Survival analysis in - - ielemetry studies: The staggercd entry design J Wildl Manage 53 (1): 7 - 15' Pollock, K.H., J.D. Nichols, C. Brownie & J E Hines lgg0 Statistical inference for captu.Jrecapture wildlife MonograDhs lO7" | - 9'7' "*periments.
107 Disease Trend$ on Crocodite Farms in Zimbabwe C M Foggin, Veterinary Research Laboratory, P O Box 8101, Causeway, Zimbabwe Intaoduction The crocodile farming industry in Zjmbabwe, reacting to market forces, showed rapld growth from.1986 to 1990. In the last two years however, this trend has ceased. Most faimers nave now tlad some o-pportunity to gain expetience in the techniques of raising crocodiles and a certain _degree of standardization prevails in the inclustry. For example al'i farms, including those situated in hot areas, now hold hatchlings in heaied ponds, generally at #C. n*." ponds are either indoors, often with iittle ventilation or natu;al light, or are covered at night. In addirion,^almost all farms keep rearing srock in similar heatJfa;ilites. Stocking densities arc.usually from 6 ro 12 hatchlings per m: and about one-third of this for rearing stock. There still exists some variation in dier, which can include f.esh fish, poulrry and fu meat from abaftoir waste, hunting operations or from natural mortality of tlvestoct. ell farmers now realise the importance of hygiene and the effect of stress onthe health of crocodiles, though opinions differ on how to control these facrors. With such developme s in the industry ir would be expected that mortality from disease should decrease, and indeed lhis has becn the case. In the yeaft 19g0 ro l9g3 mian annual, hatchling mortal ity throughout the industry in Zimbabw e vtas 3l,2Vo .In l99l it was llJ% . Howevei, the importance ofdisease has nor disappeared altogether. previously_known dlseases are still present and some have altered in their manif'estation the farm, while new conditions have been recognised and assumed some importance. Pr€sent status of specified diseas€s and recent findings specified diseases incrude the major, communicable diseascs of farmed crocodiles: that is adeno- and pox,virus infection, chlamydiosis, salmonellosis (Salmonella tvDhimurium infection), and coccidiosis. A list of farms infected with these diseases mainta'i'nea ano in future, once the epizootiological factors have been fxrther elucidated, it is possilie that sales of live harchlintss trom rh-esc farms may be restricted. Other diseases may ha;e to be controlled oy tne osc ot vaccines. Some nukilional and other non_specified infectious diseases are also considered potentially important, because their aetiology i; not fully understood; these will be also elaborated below. Adeno-irus infec,ion - the manifestation ofacntc adeno_virus hepatitis, enteritis and pancreatitis has been described previously (Foggin, 1997; Foggin, l99l). it has now been i""o'rO""r on z+ out of42 farms in production in zimbabwe (572o). The disease unco.n'on in ou". five months of age and usually affects slower-growing individuals. More ."cenily. ".oaodil"" it oecame obvious that the virus could cause chronic inflammation of the liver un,t tt ut tf,ii i., in pu.t, responsible for the development of runts. These chronic pathological changes include tibrosis 9f ,1h9.p"1{ tracts, bite duc hyperplasi and reduction of pa.eri.t yrna tisiue. iome atecteA individuals have shown icterus. On some farms a high proportion oi runt. hau" been sno*n have to been all'licted with rhis condition.
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CROCODILES Proc€€dings of the l
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FOREWORD The two volumes of this PR
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Elsey, R M, McNease, L & Joanen, T:
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CFAZ CIIAIRMAN'S OPENING COMMENTS F
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PRESENTATION FROM THE MINISTER OF E
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Fitting Curves to crocodilian Aqe-s
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7 a.set of uniforrn random nunbers.
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2. VON BERTAI"ANFFY MODEL FOR GROWT
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11 The -following four tables give
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UNIFoRU sarnpling MEDfUM sahpl ing
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15 Sectior IV: Actual Croc Data, l,
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1'l (ii) Linear regressron. same ra
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1,9 rejecting nufl hypotheses that
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21 Brisbin, I.L., Jr., c.c. White,
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Iength lthich corresponds to the ni
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25 Because of lack of funds Eo carr
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27 Despite the fact that during a p
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29 FIGURE N9 2 BLACK CAIIIAN POPULA
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I'Effect of diets conplenented vith
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3i Two of the 6 x 2 m. tanks four e
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: .i ; -3, E .-1 t FFdF !_9 + + + +
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10 Table IV : fl aernathological Re
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4l 4.- CONCLUSIoNS 1) The most favo
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43 THE INVOLVEMENT OF RURAL COMMUNI
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45 the rainy season and, in conhast
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47 difficulties and the isolation o
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49 Eacb time that one of the villag
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51 CONCLUSION Naturally, these rcsu
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53 LONG-TERM POPUT-A.TION S'ruDIES
Page 61 and 62: 55 'Ile study reporled here was des
Page 63 and 64: 5'7 made of transmilteFequjpped ndm
Page 65 and 66: 59 wilhin the reservoir was lypific
Page 67 and 68: 6l However the use of such winter d
Page 69 and 70: 6.1 surface to breathe (Kellogg 192
Page 71 and 72: 65 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was su
Page 73 and 74: Murphy, T. M., P. M. Wilkinson, J-
Page 75 and 76: 69 t 3 ^ 3 :9s 3P o ;x !B 'rr.l9 3e
Page 77 and 78: 7l FoDd B + i Poud C I Pltllr. l. U
Page 79 and 80: 73 9 October 1991 L t' I L t' 26 Ma
Page 81 and 82: 75 80 -r- 1987-88 + 1991-92 t -40 .
Page 83 and 84: 77 GROWTH RAIE OF CAIMAN (Caiman cr
Page 85 and 86: 79 Values of the life lable paramet
Page 87 and 88: 81 REFERENCES Craig. G.C., D. Si.C.
Page 89 and 90: 83 CUMATIC F{w L Stirldi .6.aiDS EF
Page 91 and 92: 85 2. Behavioral facilitation of re
Page 93 and 94: 87 TeEperature, hy&ic coaditionq aa
Page 95 and 96: 89 The sexual behaviors of irdividu
Page 97 and 98: 9l 2o I E F conuor o.r r.0 r0.0 a0.
Page 99 and 100: 93 Referetrces Ber!, H.A. (1990). T
Page 101 and 102: 95 GROWTH RATES AND BODY CONDITION
Page 103 and 104: 97 LIPID AND FATTY ACID COMPOSMONAL
Page 105 and 106: 99 be removed sustalnably, provided
Page 107 and 108: 101 necessary as the endurance of t
Page 109 and 110: 103 Table 2. The ratio of first sig
Page 111: 105 3) Movement and dispersal The r
Page 115 and 116: 109 Fuigol and other dermar,?ir - d
Page 117 and 118: 111 THE FEEDINC ECOLOGY OF TWO NILE
Page 119 and 120: 113 areas outside the National park
Page 121 and 122: 115 been done for a tlpical populat
Page 123 and 124: 117 ACKNOWLU)GEMENTS This study was
Page 125 and 126: 119 THE STATUS AN'D DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 127 and 128: Figure l: Crocodile Survey - Tanzan
Page 129 and 130: 123 :rD ES e € a 69 PE e 3 Er t !
Page 131 and 132: 125 Ruaha River (Figure 2) The Ruah
Page 133 and 134: 127 lake Mtera (Figure 4) This is a
Page 135 and 136: t29 with 6shermenand subsistence f'
Page 137 and 138: lil Kilimmjaro/Tanga Region Pa gani
Page 139 and 140: 133 The numbers of crccodiles durin
Page 141 and 142: 135 REFERENCES Chabreck, R.H. 1966.
Page 143 and 144: l -37' 3.1.4 lagal Trad.e Local tra
Page 145 and 146: l.l9 In order to gecure credibility
Page 147 and 148: l4l 'rould apply to 6kins of good h
Page 149 and 150: 143 This infdrrDation cduld be supp
Page 151 and 152: l.l-s ].nternational reEplfnstbitit
Page 153 and 154: t4'/ illegal sttjns in their pr,r,d
Page 155 and 156: 149 CROCODILE SKIN INDUSTRY IN ETII
Page 157 and 158: l5l Table 2. Ouotas for Ethiopian c
Page 159 and 160: 153 depriving EWCO of incentive for
Page 161 and 162: 155 A PRELII{] NARY ASStsSS!.IENT O
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15',7 Origin l Payert lltosk Breedi
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159 dropped, producing 23 and l9 eg
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l6l This figure ts even lorrer than
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163 =z 3F \riciNoraj {
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165 References EArr,ER, R.D. ( 1976
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t6'1 IPPIIDIX tt BtoBtE cI0@(DILX n
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l()t/ Backqround l,lelano5uchus nio
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t7l The numbers of black cainan c'b
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