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92 Discussion" 'Ite cons€rvatior of endargered o! threatered spccie's of reptiles is a press.in-g problem One imDortant facror is lhe sex ratio oi the breeding populaion (t!e secondary sex ratio) wtich is strongly ;ii;;;;";;Jo at binh (rbc prioar! J ratio) rSD thus has profound{onsequenc€'s for ;;;;r;;;. iut l* ui* .o.t .r"-ty rlemorstrated in sea turtle hatchery-programs that are feared to Lvl produced mostly malc tu4leE reducilg lhc co$ervation benehts oI tbese proglam' - - - Maov c"ocoiiliaa progams-involw naaiir:latioo ;f eggE eiLber fton captivetreeding or ftom .*"d;;;;;,,b" is,i'ios ton *hi.n a''e released b;d( to tbe wild' coltrol of the sex ratio or 'cap-tiue ii;EJtt;"",v. u.".atg p'ogra-s for scverlv esdans{red sPecies cir arso ffii?5.t" *'"ii t"",,tat'oo or 'ati-oi i"i'cea;"g stocl to opli'is€ botb p'oducrioD and "ex g"rJ-U" a*-t"r,y.i*p*e-poputatioos for future tedocldrg iD the wild Tbete are also Practical 6"r"Ot" ," -tiptf.d"g si ratios. ooe s"x o. th" other may grow-faster or b€ norc anealable to caouve conditio$. Wterc sustainable use progams are bcilg us€d as an rDc€nolE ror urc tr'ose.vatioo of wiLl p"pulations the efiiciercy of producdon for cooEcroal use is aD inportant comooneut ***ri" of econonic viability arrd succ€ss. ".r" """rr"ui" i"UJa o"tit ro. -*ipulatisg sex ratios i-o c'ptive breediag groups has "o* b*" t;;t;i tht;;perature of incubatiott. Wtile this is a proven eflectire nethod practical coDstairts lmit its applicability. Ir lemote ateas tec-hnicd support, equrP-Eent aDd rclraDle power .uooru -" .ii ,eropeiaturc naaipularioo facilities n;t fan witr disasterous coosequenc€s for ;;";;";;;; "".t"" ii! i."t"iqu" or'"pottl's esss with h;rEoDqs to i'duce desired sex of .tbe offsorios oro;id"; ao e*y anrl iaexpeosirc nethod- -i'hc proct'durc bas no nortality associatcd with its aooicadoo -d ha" been demoDstratcd oD a s/ide variety of reptilian species Tbe reproductve .ii*:" l-"t .t. ;ritJ offspriag appears to be nornat ir tlc several speries tesled and tte -l*,r""rc "i oi t-u*" on pti"s is oft";"Lr"*i. Thc p'ocldure for conducting tlis proce'ss has a iu-,eolo"-iair* *i* rl" iigfiassigned to a non-ptofit organization (Reptile Cocen-alion Intemational il;;ilil. t!";'*-.ation-of reptites a.orl any iacomc derived fron the procedure will be used to support fiuther researci add dcvclopment. We have de'scribed how the sodal cDdrotseht car detemiDe tho level of reproduction in caDtiveDoDulaliols.ltisalsoclearthatelvionmcntalvariableshaveeffectsonthedevelopmedof Jur".i*iiJ *" ras, it to adulthood. Tbus, maintainarc of captive poPulatio!3 of e aryered (or even acincr in the wild) reptiles should be nindful of thase factors' i - th" d"u"lop-"ot oi ar effectirt mettod to treat developing eggs-.loPicalyrvith hormones allo*s sex determinatioaio be manipulated in
93 Referetrces Ber!, H.A. (1990). The 'ne\r'' erdocridolog Its scop€ a.nd its impact. Am. ol. n:gn'835. Bu[" J. J. (1980). Sex determinatior ir reptiles. Quart, Rev, Biol. 55: ]41. Bu\ J. J. (1983). Evolutiotr of Sex Determidng Mecha.ni$tr5. Menlo Park, Benjamin/Cunniags. Buq J. J. a.nd E. L Chanov. (1989). Enignatic reptilian sex ratios. Evol. 43: 1561-1566. BuI, J. J., R. C. Voigt, ard C. J. Mccoy (19&2). S€x deterEiaing temperatures in turdes: a geogapbrc comparison. Evol. 36: 326332. Bull J. J., T. wibbels, a.nd D. cre\rs (1990). Sex poteocies vary among female iffubation temPeratu€s ir a turde. J. Exp. Zool, Z56i 339-31. crews, D. (194a). Etre€ts of goup stabilig and male aggressive and serual b€havior on eovi.omentally-hduced orErian re
Page 1 and 2:
CROCODILES Proc€€dings of the l
Page 3:
FOREWORD The two volumes of this PR
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Elsey, R M, McNease, L & Joanen, T:
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CFAZ CIIAIRMAN'S OPENING COMMENTS F
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PRESENTATION FROM THE MINISTER OF E
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Fitting Curves to crocodilian Aqe-s
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7 a.set of uniforrn random nunbers.
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2. VON BERTAI"ANFFY MODEL FOR GROWT
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11 The -following four tables give
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UNIFoRU sarnpling MEDfUM sahpl ing
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15 Sectior IV: Actual Croc Data, l,
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1'l (ii) Linear regressron. same ra
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1,9 rejecting nufl hypotheses that
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21 Brisbin, I.L., Jr., c.c. White,
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Iength lthich corresponds to the ni
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25 Because of lack of funds Eo carr
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27 Despite the fact that during a p
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29 FIGURE N9 2 BLACK CAIIIAN POPULA
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I'Effect of diets conplenented vith
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3i Two of the 6 x 2 m. tanks four e
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: .i ; -3, E .-1 t FFdF !_9 + + + +
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10 Table IV : fl aernathological Re
Page 47 and 48: 4l 4.- CONCLUSIoNS 1) The most favo
Page 49 and 50: 43 THE INVOLVEMENT OF RURAL COMMUNI
Page 51 and 52: 45 the rainy season and, in conhast
Page 53 and 54: 47 difficulties and the isolation o
Page 55 and 56: 49 Eacb time that one of the villag
Page 57 and 58: 51 CONCLUSION Naturally, these rcsu
Page 59 and 60: 53 LONG-TERM POPUT-A.TION S'ruDIES
Page 61 and 62: 55 'Ile study reporled here was des
Page 63 and 64: 5'7 made of transmilteFequjpped ndm
Page 65 and 66: 59 wilhin the reservoir was lypific
Page 67 and 68: 6l However the use of such winter d
Page 69 and 70: 6.1 surface to breathe (Kellogg 192
Page 71 and 72: 65 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was su
Page 73 and 74: Murphy, T. M., P. M. Wilkinson, J-
Page 75 and 76: 69 t 3 ^ 3 :9s 3P o ;x !B 'rr.l9 3e
Page 77 and 78: 7l FoDd B + i Poud C I Pltllr. l. U
Page 79 and 80: 73 9 October 1991 L t' I L t' 26 Ma
Page 81 and 82: 75 80 -r- 1987-88 + 1991-92 t -40 .
Page 83 and 84: 77 GROWTH RAIE OF CAIMAN (Caiman cr
Page 85 and 86: 79 Values of the life lable paramet
Page 87 and 88: 81 REFERENCES Craig. G.C., D. Si.C.
Page 89 and 90: 83 CUMATIC F{w L Stirldi .6.aiDS EF
Page 91 and 92: 85 2. Behavioral facilitation of re
Page 93 and 94: 87 TeEperature, hy&ic coaditionq aa
Page 95 and 96: 89 The sexual behaviors of irdividu
Page 97: 9l 2o I E F conuor o.r r.0 r0.0 a0.
Page 101 and 102: 95 GROWTH RATES AND BODY CONDITION
Page 103 and 104: 97 LIPID AND FATTY ACID COMPOSMONAL
Page 105 and 106: 99 be removed sustalnably, provided
Page 107 and 108: 101 necessary as the endurance of t
Page 109 and 110: 103 Table 2. The ratio of first sig
Page 111 and 112: 105 3) Movement and dispersal The r
Page 113 and 114: 107 Disease Trend$ on Crocodite Far
Page 115 and 116: 109 Fuigol and other dermar,?ir - d
Page 117 and 118: 111 THE FEEDINC ECOLOGY OF TWO NILE
Page 119 and 120: 113 areas outside the National park
Page 121 and 122: 115 been done for a tlpical populat
Page 123 and 124: 117 ACKNOWLU)GEMENTS This study was
Page 125 and 126: 119 THE STATUS AN'D DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 127 and 128: Figure l: Crocodile Survey - Tanzan
Page 129 and 130: 123 :rD ES e € a 69 PE e 3 Er t !
Page 131 and 132: 125 Ruaha River (Figure 2) The Ruah
Page 133 and 134: 127 lake Mtera (Figure 4) This is a
Page 135 and 136: t29 with 6shermenand subsistence f'
Page 137 and 138: lil Kilimmjaro/Tanga Region Pa gani
Page 139 and 140: 133 The numbers of crccodiles durin
Page 141 and 142: 135 REFERENCES Chabreck, R.H. 1966.
Page 143 and 144: l -37' 3.1.4 lagal Trad.e Local tra
Page 145 and 146: l.l9 In order to gecure credibility
Page 147 and 148: l4l 'rould apply to 6kins of good h
Page 149 and 150:
143 This infdrrDation cduld be supp
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l.l-s ].nternational reEplfnstbitit
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t4'/ illegal sttjns in their pr,r,d
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149 CROCODILE SKIN INDUSTRY IN ETII
Page 157 and 158:
l5l Table 2. Ouotas for Ethiopian c
Page 159 and 160:
153 depriving EWCO of incentive for
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155 A PRELII{] NARY ASStsSS!.IENT O
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15',7 Origin l Payert lltosk Breedi
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159 dropped, producing 23 and l9 eg
Page 167 and 168:
l6l This figure ts even lorrer than
Page 169 and 170:
163 =z 3F \riciNoraj {
Page 171 and 172:
165 References EArr,ER, R.D. ( 1976
Page 173 and 174:
t6'1 IPPIIDIX tt BtoBtE cI0@(DILX n
Page 175 and 176:
l()t/ Backqround l,lelano5uchus nio
Page 177:
t7l The numbers of black cainan c'b
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