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22 Populatiott DyDanica, Ecgtog"y an't cgnservation of the Black cainan, ltetalosuchus [iger in Equadorian Atlazonia' Eiluartlo Asanza Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia AtheDg, Georgia 30602 u. s.A' FuuaacioD cuyabeDo gan Javier 195, Quitg - Ecuador The Black cairnan, Melanosuchus Nider was distributed widely throughout the Amazon Basin untiMe niddle of the present century, Although few reports are available in the literature concerning the status of this species until the beginning of the t entieth century, walrace (1853), Bates (1863)' Goeldi (1898) and Hangnan (1902) gave anectdotal accounts of abundant populations along the I'alto solimoes" (Upper tulazon River) and found large numbers of the species in the Mexiana' l{arajo and Caviana Islands of the Amazon River delta' The occurence of Melanosuchus nigel populations in Ecuadorian Amazonia has been reported by La Condamine (1778), De Ulloa (1789) ' De Velasco (1985), De ta Espada (18e1) and Schnidt (1928) ' Black caiman populations have been severely depleted because of extensive hunting during the past 70 years' Aquirre (1956) mentions that between 1950 and 1954 a quantity of 560'ooo skins was exported from Manaus and Belem' He stated that the ninimurn <strong>size</strong> of the Black caiman to be harvested should be 23o cn total
Iength lthich corresponds to the ninimun breeding <strong>size</strong> of Melanosuchusfernales(Agu1rre,1956).Fittkau(1973)estinated that during the 196o's nore than 5 nillion skins were traded and in addition 1to 2 additional individuals were sacrificed for each skin reported in the trade' Carvalho (1967) ' Medem (1972' 1983), Snith (1980), Rebelo an'l ltagnusson (1983) provide data about the effect of huntlng on llelanosuchus Dlg populations in Brasil. Aquirre (1956), l'Ieden (1963), Carril]o de Espinoza (1970) Fittkau (1970, 1973). Magnusson (1984) report sorne inportant ecological data. Harron (1985), Harron and Emmons (1991) present data on the popuLation and nesting ecology of the B1ack caiman in cocha Cashu (Peru). Few ecologicat data have been conpj'fed on the Bl"ack caiman in Ecuador. Medem (1963, 1983) presents data rnainly based on personal cornmunications frorn settl-ers and hunters' Asanza (1985) provides data on the distribution, ecology and conservation of the Alligatoridae in Ecuadorian AmazonLa' R€suIt3. ltelanosuchus lligcf lras heavily exploited by hunters in Ecuadorian Arnazonia during a period of 40 years (1930 - 1970) (about 500'00o trade skins vere taken) and in rnany localities the species has evidently been depleted (Asanza, 1985) ' Most Black Caimans rere hunted during the 1950s and '6os and the skin6 exported to Leticia (colombia) and I'tanaus (Brazil) '
Page 1 and 2: CROCODILES Proc€€dings of the l
Page 3: FOREWORD The two volumes of this PR
Page 6 and 7: Elsey, R M, McNease, L & Joanen, T:
Page 9 and 10: CFAZ CIIAIRMAN'S OPENING COMMENTS F
Page 11 and 12: PRESENTATION FROM THE MINISTER OF E
Page 13 and 14: Fitting Curves to crocodilian Aqe-s
Page 15 and 16: 7 a.set of uniforrn random nunbers.
Page 17 and 18: 2. VON BERTAI"ANFFY MODEL FOR GROWT
Page 19 and 20: 11 The -following four tables give
Page 21 and 22: UNIFoRU sarnpling MEDfUM sahpl ing
Page 23 and 24: 15 Sectior IV: Actual Croc Data, l,
Page 25 and 26: 1'l (ii) Linear regressron. same ra
Page 27 and 28: 1,9 rejecting nufl hypotheses that
Page 29: 21 Brisbin, I.L., Jr., c.c. White,
Page 33 and 34: 25 Because of lack of funds Eo carr
Page 35 and 36: 27 Despite the fact that during a p
Page 37 and 38: 29 FIGURE N9 2 BLACK CAIIIAN POPULA
Page 39 and 40: I'Effect of diets conplenented vith
Page 41 and 42: 3i Two of the 6 x 2 m. tanks four e
Page 43 and 44: : .i ; -3, E .-1 t FFdF !_9 + + + +
Page 45 and 46: 10 Table IV : fl aernathological Re
Page 47 and 48: 4l 4.- CONCLUSIoNS 1) The most favo
Page 49 and 50: 43 THE INVOLVEMENT OF RURAL COMMUNI
Page 51 and 52: 45 the rainy season and, in conhast
Page 53 and 54: 47 difficulties and the isolation o
Page 55 and 56: 49 Eacb time that one of the villag
Page 57 and 58: 51 CONCLUSION Naturally, these rcsu
Page 59 and 60: 53 LONG-TERM POPUT-A.TION S'ruDIES
Page 61 and 62: 55 'Ile study reporled here was des
Page 63 and 64: 5'7 made of transmilteFequjpped ndm
Page 65 and 66: 59 wilhin the reservoir was lypific
Page 67 and 68: 6l However the use of such winter d
Page 69 and 70: 6.1 surface to breathe (Kellogg 192
Page 71 and 72: 65 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was su
Page 73 and 74: Murphy, T. M., P. M. Wilkinson, J-
Page 75 and 76: 69 t 3 ^ 3 :9s 3P o ;x !B 'rr.l9 3e
Page 77 and 78: 7l FoDd B + i Poud C I Pltllr. l. U
Page 79 and 80: 73 9 October 1991 L t' I L t' 26 Ma
Page 81 and 82:
75 80 -r- 1987-88 + 1991-92 t -40 .
Page 83 and 84:
77 GROWTH RAIE OF CAIMAN (Caiman cr
Page 85 and 86:
79 Values of the life lable paramet
Page 87 and 88:
81 REFERENCES Craig. G.C., D. Si.C.
Page 89 and 90:
83 CUMATIC F{w L Stirldi .6.aiDS EF
Page 91 and 92:
85 2. Behavioral facilitation of re
Page 93 and 94:
87 TeEperature, hy&ic coaditionq aa
Page 95 and 96:
89 The sexual behaviors of irdividu
Page 97 and 98:
9l 2o I E F conuor o.r r.0 r0.0 a0.
Page 99 and 100:
93 Referetrces Ber!, H.A. (1990). T
Page 101 and 102:
95 GROWTH RATES AND BODY CONDITION
Page 103 and 104:
97 LIPID AND FATTY ACID COMPOSMONAL
Page 105 and 106:
99 be removed sustalnably, provided
Page 107 and 108:
101 necessary as the endurance of t
Page 109 and 110:
103 Table 2. The ratio of first sig
Page 111 and 112:
105 3) Movement and dispersal The r
Page 113 and 114:
107 Disease Trend$ on Crocodite Far
Page 115 and 116:
109 Fuigol and other dermar,?ir - d
Page 117 and 118:
111 THE FEEDINC ECOLOGY OF TWO NILE
Page 119 and 120:
113 areas outside the National park
Page 121 and 122:
115 been done for a tlpical populat
Page 123 and 124:
117 ACKNOWLU)GEMENTS This study was
Page 125 and 126:
119 THE STATUS AN'D DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 127 and 128:
Figure l: Crocodile Survey - Tanzan
Page 129 and 130:
123 :rD ES e € a 69 PE e 3 Er t !
Page 131 and 132:
125 Ruaha River (Figure 2) The Ruah
Page 133 and 134:
127 lake Mtera (Figure 4) This is a
Page 135 and 136:
t29 with 6shermenand subsistence f'
Page 137 and 138:
lil Kilimmjaro/Tanga Region Pa gani
Page 139 and 140:
133 The numbers of crccodiles durin
Page 141 and 142:
135 REFERENCES Chabreck, R.H. 1966.
Page 143 and 144:
l -37' 3.1.4 lagal Trad.e Local tra
Page 145 and 146:
l.l9 In order to gecure credibility
Page 147 and 148:
l4l 'rould apply to 6kins of good h
Page 149 and 150:
143 This infdrrDation cduld be supp
Page 151 and 152:
l.l-s ].nternational reEplfnstbitit
Page 153 and 154:
t4'/ illegal sttjns in their pr,r,d
Page 155 and 156:
149 CROCODILE SKIN INDUSTRY IN ETII
Page 157 and 158:
l5l Table 2. Ouotas for Ethiopian c
Page 159 and 160:
153 depriving EWCO of incentive for
Page 161 and 162:
155 A PRELII{] NARY ASStsSS!.IENT O
Page 163 and 164:
15',7 Origin l Payert lltosk Breedi
Page 165 and 166:
159 dropped, producing 23 and l9 eg
Page 167 and 168:
l6l This figure ts even lorrer than
Page 169 and 170:
163 =z 3F \riciNoraj {
Page 171 and 172:
165 References EArr,ER, R.D. ( 1976
Page 173 and 174:
t6'1 IPPIIDIX tt BtoBtE cI0@(DILX n
Page 175 and 176:
l()t/ Backqround l,lelano5uchus nio
Page 177:
t7l The numbers of black cainan c'b
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