MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ãlikool

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SOOLISED ERINEVUSED AJAKASUTUSES GENDER DIFFERENCES IN TIME USE Einhorn, B. (1993). Cinderella Goes to Market: Citizenship, Gender, and Women’s Movements in East Central Europe. London: Verso. Fisher, K., Layte, R. (2004). Measuring Work-Life Balance Using Time Diary Data. – Electronic International Journal of Time Use Research, Vol 1, No 1, pp. 1–13. Gershuny, J. (2005). Busyness as the badge of honour for the new superordinate working class. ISER Working Papers Number 2005-9. Institute for Social and Economic Research. Glorieux, I., Koelet, S. (2001). Female men / male women: gender versus sex in household work. Paper prepared fot the IATUR conference „Time Use 2001: New Regions, New Data, New Methods and New Results”, Oslo, Norway, October 3–5 2001. Glorieux, I., Koelet, S. (2002). Gendered priorities. Differences between men and women in balancing between paid work, unpaid work and leisure. Paper prepared for the conference “Stress, health & lifestyle: The work-family interface”, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, March 21–23 2002. Hochschild, A. R., Machung, A. (2003). The second shift. London: Penguin Books. Levinson, D., Kumar, A. (1995). Activity, Travel, and the Allocation of Time. – Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol 61, No 4, pp. 458–470. McGinnity, F., Russell, H. (2007). Work Rich, Time Poor? Time-Use of Women and Men in Ireland. – The Economic and Social Review, Vol 38, No 3, pp. 323–354. McGinnity, F., Russell, H. (2008). Gender Inequalities in Time Use. The Distribution of Caring, Housework and Employment Among Women and Men in Ireland. Dublin: The Economic and Social Research Institute and The Equality Authority. O’Brien, M. (2006). Well-being of children and labour markets in Europe. Different kinds of risks resulting from various structures and changes in the labour markets. Paper presented at the WELLCHI Network Conference 2, Centre for Globalisation and Governance, University of Hamburg March 31 – April 1, 2006. Puur, A., Põldma, A. (2010). Rahvastiku vananemine demograafilises vaates. – Sotsiaaltrendid 5. Social Trends 5. Tallinn: Statistikaamet, lk 6–29. Randoja, M. (2008). Soolised palgaerinevused. – Pilk tööellu. A glimpse into the working life. Tallinn: Statistikaamet, lk 116–133. Randoja, M. (2009). Soolised erinevused täiskasvanute koolituses. – Täiskasvanute koolitus. Adult Education. Tallinn: Statistikaamet, lk 68–88. Sayer, L. S., England, P., Bittman, M., Bianchi, S. M. (2004). Is Women’s Work Never Done? Gender Differences in Total Work Time in Australia and the United States. Paper submitted to the Annual Meeting of the Population of America, Boston, Mass, April 2004. Sayer, L. C. (2007). More Work for Mothers? Trends and Gender Differences in Multitasking. – Time Competition: Disturbed Balances and New Options in Work and Care. / Ed. T. van der Lippe, P. Peters. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Schneider, B. (2010). The Human Face of Workplace Flexibility. Paper prepared for the conference „Focus on Workplace Flexibility ”, November 29–30 2010, Washington, D.C. Stancanelli, E., G., F., Stratton, L. S. (2010). Her Time, His Time, or the Maid’s Time: An Analysis of the Demand for Domestic Work. IZA Discussion Paper No 5253. Vainu, V., Järviste, L., Biin, H. (2010). Soolise võrdõiguslikkuse monitooring 2009. Sotsiaalministeeriumi toimetised, nr 1/2010. Tallinn: Sotsiaalministeerium. Wharton, A. S. (2005). The sociology of gender: an introduction to theory and research. Wiley- Blackwell. MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME? 23
SOOLISED ERINEVUSED AJAKASUTUSES GENDER DIFFERENCES IN TIME USE GENDER DIFFERENCES IN TIME USE Marin Tasuja Introduction Time is one of the most important factors influencing everyday life. Unlike other human resources, time is allocated equally between everyone. The time available in a day is always limited to 24 hours, despite one’s income, education, marital status, sex or age. Even though higher income and various technological innovations have enabled partial substitution of time by money (Levinson and Kumar 1995), no one is able to buy more time. Due to this finite nature of time, people are forced to choose between different activities and to find compromises in the division of time in their individual and household schedules. Spending time on a specific activity means less time for other activities. Even though the amount of available time is equal for everyone, there can be a great variety between people in terms of how they use it and which activities they prefer. One of such compromises concerns the distribution of employment and household work between women and men. Throughout time, women have been linked predominantly with home and household chores, while men have been regarded as responsible for earning money and dealing with issues outside home (Wharton 2005). This article examines how Estonian women and men spend their time and how employment and household work are distributed between women and men. A study on time use provides evidence of the structure of society and the relations between its members. The time spent on different activities highlights people’s priorities and is a reflection of their daily life (Glorieux and Koelet 2002). Time use characterises participation in the labour market, consumer behaviour, recreational preferences and family relations, as well as changes in household composition, state of welfare, and socially accepted beliefs in general. The time spent on employment affects the size of income, which in turn determines the extent and structure of possible expenditures and economic welfare of households. The higher the wages, the higher the relative value of the time spent on employment. This increases the value of leisure time and household work in comparison with employment, which leads to a decrease in the proportions of such activities (Becker 1965). At the same time, a person with higher income can afford more expensive leisure activities or buy some of household work as a service (e.g., by hiring a nanny or housekeeper). In addition to direct financial benefits, the time spent on employment or studying increases a person’s human capital, which influences future opportunities and income. The greater the share of time spent on work in a day, the less time there is to enjoy the fruits of this work and to rest (Fisher and Layte 2004). In addition to paid work, monitoring of time use can also help to map any unpaid work at home, which can often go unnoticed. In addition to direct financial benefits, time use also affects subjective welfare – availability and quality of leisure time, sufficient sleeping hours, communication with others and self-realisation at work are all important for people. Time use enables to create social capital – the time spent with family and friends and other social relations are important for individual welfare, proper functioning of households, providing a support system, and creating social values. The time use of parents, division of work in a family and time spent with children – they all shape the values of children and influence the use of time by them in the future. Time use has become a potential source of tensions as a result of increased pace of life, wider range of available choices, and growing ambiguity of social norms earlier recognised in the society. Increased productivity has also increased the intensity of leisure time (Linder 1970: cit. via McGinnity and Russell 2007) and people increasingly feel that there is not enough time for everything (Bittman 2004). Gershuny (2005) has provided one possible explanation for the lack of time by stating that, as a result of increased unemployment and other social changes, being busy with work and having limited time for leisure has become a positive and privileged status in the society. However, cumulative tensions and time stress can have a negative impact on a person’s health, family and working life. Lack of time is a particular problem for families with small children, 24 MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME?
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