MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ãlikool

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KULTUURIASUTUSTES KÄIMINE VISITING OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS working time in the country and in the city. Assuming that a better access to culture also means more frequent consumption of culture and, that there is a connection between consumption of culture and average working time, we may presume that a better access to cultural events is also one of the reasons why urban population has a bigger number of working hours than rural population. Although the difference between the number of working hours of rural and urban population is not that large – on average 22 minutes for men and 13 minutes for women – it is still there. A better access to cultural services affects also the decisions about choosing the place of residence in case of culturally active people, as they often choose more attractive locations subconsciously. Here the attraction does not necessarily mean e.g. a sea view, but whether the institutions required for daily life (such as a store and school) are in a reasonable vicinity of the place of residence. Although the vicinity of cultural and entertainment institutions is probably not always the first priority for all persons when choosing the residence, the vicinity or easy access to such institutions is undoubtedly considered more attractive than the non-existence of these facilities. Impact of education on working time The impact of education on the average time spent on work activities is in correlation with a person’s educational level i.e. the higher the educational level, the more time the person dedicates to working in a day. Visiting of cultural institutions amplifies this difference in terms of educatioanl level even more. (Figure 6) Comparison of the average number of working hours by educational level confirms that people with upper secondary education (general secondary education, vocational education and professional secondary education based on basic education) and tertiary education (professional secondary education based on secondary education and higher education) are much more productive workers. One reason for that lies in the professional skills usually gained after the acquisition of general basic education. However, it is also true that not all people work in their specialty; lots of them have acquired one specialty, but work in another field, by studying after work and taking various refresher courses. But based on these statistics we can say that time and money invested in education pay off because the average number of working hours increases in proportion with the growing level of education. Men with below upper secondary education work on average for one hour per day. Men with below upper secondary education represent an interesting group because unlike others (persons visiting cultural institutions dedicate more time in a day to work activities), visiting cultural institutions has reduced their average working time by approximately eight minutes. Is it possible that visiting cultural institutions has an inhibiting effect on working time in case of men with lower level of education? Indeed, higher level of education brings about cultural awareness and an increasing interest in culture, but can culture attendance really reduce the average number of working hours? In this case, the reason seems to be that males (as well as females) with lower level of education are rather schoolchildren who mostly do not work. In case of people with secondary or higher level of education, the difference between the working hours of the people visiting or not visiting cultural institutions is 48–65%, i.e. in their case, persons consuming culture have 50% more working hours. Women with upper secondary education, who do not visit cultural institutions, work on average for 1 hour and 48 minutes, but those who visit a cultural institution at least once a year, work on average for 3 hours and 36 minutes. Hence, the difference is approximately 70 minutes (1 hour and 10 minutes) per day. In case of women with higher level of education, the difference between the average number of working hours of women visiting and those not visiting cultural institutions is as much as 79 minutes. The average working time for men with secondary level of education who do not visit cultural institutions is approximately 2.5 hours, whereas those who visit cultural institutions work on average for 3 hours and 50 minutes, which means that they work daily on average 74 minutes more (1 hour and 14 minutes). In case of men with tertiary education this difference is on average as much as 102 minutes (1 hour and 42 minutes) per day. Therefore, there is also a significant MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME? 97
KULTUURIASUTUSTES KÄIMINE VISITING OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS difference in the daily working time of people with secondary and those with higher level of education, which further depends on whether people occasionally attend culture institutions or not. Observation of the time dedicated to work activities by labour status reveals that there is no sense in comparing the time spent on work activities by employed and unemployed persons, because the first mentioned group has got a job and the latter one has not. Nevertheless, here too, there are factors which should be set out. (Figure 7) As expected, the average number of working hours of the employed is bigger than that of the unemployed. As in this case work and work-related activities also include looking for a job, this indicator apparently indicates the time spent on looking for a job in case of the unemployed. When analysing the time use of the unemployed it occurs that here, too, people who visit cultural institutions for at least once a year are in a more advantageous position. Supposedly, more time spent on looking for a job also means greater probability of finding a job. In case of unemployed men, a person visiting cultural institutions is three times more likely to be searching for a job. Unemployed women attending cultural events also spend on average about half an hour a day on searching for a job. In case of people who are not interested in cultural events, the amount of time spent on looking for a job is insignificant. (Figure 8) In case of employed persons, too, there occurs a small difference in the time dedicated to work activities, if we compare those who visit cultural institutions and those who do not. People who go in for cultural activities spend on average a bit more time in a day on work activities. Enjoyment of cultural benefits is more commonly associated with higher than lower income (Pappas 2011). Furthermore, in addition to health and happiness, enjoying cultural events may also effect the socio-economic situation. The vertical scale in Figure 8 refers to the difference in the number of working hours of the visitors of cultural institutions and of the people who do not visit cultural institutions. When analysing the working time of people on the basis of income deciles, there is a general tendency that people belonging to lower income deciles have on average fewer hours spent on work activities per day than people belonging to higher deciles. A small difference is found in the 5th income decile for both sexes, which actually indicates a smaller number of working hours than the deciles higher and lower of that indicator. With a few exceptions, the difference between people visiting cultural institutions and those not visiting cultural institutions also holds. Figure 8 depicts the difference of the average number of working hours spent daily on work activities in terms of people who visit and those who do not visit cultural institutions. The reading ‘0’ would mean that there is no difference in the number of working hours between people who visit cultural institutions and those who do not do it. A positive indicator shows the average number of working hours that a person visiting cultural institutions works more compared to a person not visiting cultural institutions. A negative indicator shows how many hours less, respectively. Although the difference in the number of working hours sometimes indicates fluctuations and in some cases a negative indicator shows that the people not visiting cultural institutions have on average a little more working time, the main outcome confirms the statement that people who visit cultural institutions have longer average working time per day than those who do not visit cultural institutions. The most drastic differences are found in income deciles of some women. Based on these statistics, one measure to reduce the wage gap between men and women could be to reduce the proportion of those women who do not visit cultural institutions or attend cultural events at all, in other words – people should be directed to attend a cultural event at least once or twice a year. Impact of cohabitation on the number of persons’ working hours A person’s daily time-specific division between primary activities is influenced also by the fact whether he/she is single or lives together with a partner. (Figure 9) Viewing the working hours of people based on the form of cohabitation reveals that cohabiting people have much more working time than single persons. Such difference is more than an hour for women and more than an hour and a half for men. Comparison of the number of average 98 MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME?
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Koostanud Statistikaameti rahvastik
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SAATESÕNA PREFACE PREFACE Overview
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