MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ãlikool

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TERVIS JA TÖÖVÕIME HEALTH AND CAPACITY FOR WORK men visited the family physician on average 1.9 times, women 2.4 times. Meanwhile, those not having visited the physician include people who were in need of family medical care, but did not receive it due to various reasons. According to the social survey, 2% of men and the same share of women did not receive necessary family medical care in 2009. Yet the reasons for not visiting the family physician are quite different for men and women. The main reason for men lay in the lack of health insurance (38%), while this reason accounted for only 8% of women. For women the main reason for not having received family medical care was a too long waiting list (46%), men stated this reason as the second most important one (23%). The second top reason for women was a long distance to the medical aid centre and transportation problems to reach the place – this was seen as a problem by 16% of women and only by 7% of men. (Figure 13) Women also tend to more frequently visit specialised doctors and dentists. During the last year, 57% of women and 42% of men had visited the dentist. The proportion of women having visited a specialised doctor was the same (57%), whereas the proportion of men was smaller – 39%. 5% of men and the same proportion of women did not gain access to the dentist when needed. As dental care is a paid service, the main reason for not visiting the dentist is financial both for men and women. 79% of men and 82% of women who did not gain access to the dentist considered the service too expensive. 4% of men and 5% of women did not gain access to a specialised doctor. The main reason for that is a too long waiting list – 50% of men and 70% of women considered this to be the most important reason. The second reason for men is the lack of health insurance (16%), whereas the same cause was mentioned by only 3% of women. The second reason for women was a long distance to the medical aid centre and transportation problems to reach the place (14%). At the same time, this reason was stated by 9% of men. In case of women, marital status does not have significant impact on the frequency of visiting a physician, but for men there are clearly visible differences. The frequency of visiting the family physician by married men is higher in comparison with single men. Apparently, wives play a significant role by encouraging their spouse to consult the physician as soon as some health problem becomes evident. This can also be seen from the fact that the proportion of men using family medical care is drastically lower in case of divorced men, reaching even a lower level than that of single men. These results clearly indicate the bottlenecks of our health care system such as expensive dental care and long waiting lists to access specialised doctors. It also appears that men lack health insurance more frequently than women. Pursuant to the health behaviour survey, women use medicinal products much more frequently than men. Among women, the most common reason for using medicine is headache. Approximately a half of the women and only a quarter of men had used analgesics against headache within the past seven days. About a quarter of women and one fifth of men used medicinal products to alleviate other types of pain. Approximately one fifth of men and women have been diagnosed with hypertensive diseases and the majority of them use relevant medicinal products. About one fifth of both men and women suffer from arthritis and another one fifth from radiculitis or back problems. Smoking and alcohol consumption are important health behaviour indicators, as they noticeably increase the risk of developing certain diseases. Smokers are at a much greater risk of developing malignant neoplasm of larynx, trachea, bronchus and lung, and non-smokers are less likely to do so. According to the survey Health Behaviour among Estonian Adult Population conducted in 2010, there are 37% of men and 19% of women who smoke daily, i.e. there are twice as many smokers among men. About a quarter of men and a little more than a half of women have never smoked. In terms of education, the proportion of smokers is the highest among people with primary or basic education – as much as about a half of men and 35% of women. The smallest number of smokers is found among people with higher education – 18% of men and 11% of women, respectively. As for men, the proportion of smoking men is higher in rural areas than in MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME? 55
TERVIS JA TÖÖVÕIME HEALTH AND CAPACITY FOR WORK cities, whereas in case of women the proportion of smokers is higher in cities (except Tallinn) and a bit smaller in the country. There are somewhat more smokers among Estonian than non-Estonian men. The situation is the opposite in case of women – there are fewer smokers among Estonians than non-Estonians. The proportion of smokers is higher among men and women, who are unemployed, live alone or have low income. There are several reasons why there are more smokers among men and persons with lower level of education: lack of knowledge about the consequences of smoking, attitude and values affecting smoking habits, and psychological stress, which leads to starting smoking or hinders giving up smoking (Kunst et al. 2002). Excessive alcohol consumption increases the probability of developing a chronic liver disease, which may also lead to death. Alcohol consumption also increases the likelihood of getting into accidents. Men consume alcohol more than women. 37% of men consume alcohol a few times a week, whereas the percentage of women consuming alcohol at the same frequency is 13% – this is almost three times less than men. A total of 8% of men and 13% of women reported not consuming alcohol at all. Men living in the country consume alcohol more frequently than men living in the city – 50% of the men living in the country and 40% of men in cities consume alcohol at least a few times a week. Women living in rural areas also consume more alcohol than women in cities. 16% of the women living in rural areas and 12% of women living in cities consume alcohol at least a few times a week. The fact that smoking and alcohol consumption are more common in the country than in cities is also supported by the results of the Household Budget Survey, according to which the amount of money spent on tobacco products and alcohol is somewhat bigger in rural than in urban areas, both in terms of expenses and proportion. Alcohol consumption is the lowest in case of men with secondary education and the highest in case of men with vocational secondary education. As for women, alcohol consumption is the highest among women with higher education. Estonian men and women consume more alcohol than non-Estonians. Increase in alcohol consumption also depends on income – there are more people consuming alcohol among men and women with higher income. After consuming alcohol people often make inadequate decisions, which cause risk behaviour, especially among men. Such behaviour, however, may lead to an accident. One example is driving a motor vehicle while intoxicated. Men are more likely to sit behind the steering wheel after consuming alcohol than women. According to the survey on health behaviour, within the last year, 3.4% of men and 0.3% of women aged 16–64 have repeatedly sat behind the wheel after consuming alcohol. The greatest number of drunk drivers is found at the age of 25–34 – as much as 7.2% of men, whereas the percentage of women in the same age group is merely 0.3%. Another important health behaviour indicator today is the body mass index, which indicates the height and weight ratio, because being overweight is seen as a predisposition to various diseases such as diseases of the circulatory system and diabetes. Similar to many other Western countries, the number of overweight people constantly increases. At the same time, by preventing themselves from becoming overweight, people can reduce the occurrence of diseases of the circulatory system to a significant extent. Pursuant to the survey Health Behaviour among Estonian Adult Population, the proportion of overweight people increases as people become older. Three quarters of men aged 16–24 are in normal weight category (body mass index 18.5–24.9); the proportion of women in the same age group is somewhat lower. However, by growing age, the proportion of men in normal weight category begins to drop quickly and by the age of 25–34, less than a half of men are in the normal weight category. At the age of 25–34, two thirds of women are in normal weight category. At the age of 55–64, a total of 30% of men and 27% of women are in normal weight category. There are more overweight (body mass index 25.0–29.9) men than women in each age group. At the age of 55–64 there are 45% of overweight men and 42% of overweight women. Obesity (body mass index over 30) occurs in case of 4% of men aged 16–24 and in case of 3% of women 56 MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME?
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MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM O
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Koostanud Statistikaameti rahvastik
Page 5 and 6: SAATESÕNA PREFACE PREFACE Overview
Page 7 and 8: SOOLISED ERINEVUSED AJAKASUTUSES GE
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NAISED JA MEHED HARIDUSELUS WOMEN A
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HARIDUSE PEEGELDUS TÄISKASVANUEAS
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