MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ülikool

KULTUURIASUTUSTES KÄIMINE VISITING OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS
difference in the daily working time of people with secondary and those with higher level of
education, which further depends on whether people occasionally attend culture institutions or
not.
Observation of the time dedicated to work activities by labour status reveals that there is no
sense in comparing the time spent on work activities by employed and unemployed persons,
because the first mentioned group has got a job and the latter one has not. Nevertheless, here
too, there are factors which should be set out. (Figure 7)
As expected, the average number of working hours of the employed is bigger than that of the
unemployed. As in this case work and work-related activities also include looking for a job, this
indicator apparently indicates the time spent on looking for a job in case of the unemployed.
When analysing the time use of the unemployed it occurs that here, too, people who visit cultural
institutions for at least once a year are in a more advantageous position. Supposedly, more time
spent on looking for a job also means greater probability of finding a job. In case of unemployed
men, a person visiting cultural institutions is three times more likely to be searching for a job.
Unemployed women attending cultural events also spend on average about half an hour a day on
searching for a job. In case of people who are not interested in cultural events, the amount of
time spent on looking for a job is insignificant. (Figure 8)
In case of employed persons, too, there occurs a small difference in the time dedicated to work
activities, if we compare those who visit cultural institutions and those who do not. People who go
in for cultural activities spend on average a bit more time in a day on work activities.
Enjoyment of cultural benefits is more commonly associated with higher than lower income
(Pappas 2011). Furthermore, in addition to health and happiness, enjoying cultural events may
also effect the socio-economic situation. The vertical scale in Figure 8 refers to the difference in
the number of working hours of the visitors of cultural institutions and of the people who do not
visit cultural institutions. When analysing the working time of people on the basis of income
deciles, there is a general tendency that people belonging to lower income deciles have on
average fewer hours spent on work activities per day than people belonging to higher deciles. A
small difference is found in the 5th income decile for both sexes, which actually indicates a
smaller number of working hours than the deciles higher and lower of that indicator. With a few
exceptions, the difference between people visiting cultural institutions and those not visiting
cultural institutions also holds. Figure 8 depicts the difference of the average number of working
hours spent daily on work activities in terms of people who visit and those who do not visit cultural
institutions. The reading ‘0’ would mean that there is no difference in the number of working hours
between people who visit cultural institutions and those who do not do it. A positive indicator
shows the average number of working hours that a person visiting cultural institutions works more
compared to a person not visiting cultural institutions. A negative indicator shows how many
hours less, respectively. Although the difference in the number of working hours sometimes
indicates fluctuations and in some cases a negative indicator shows that the people not visiting
cultural institutions have on average a little more working time, the main outcome confirms the
statement that people who visit cultural institutions have longer average working time per day
than those who do not visit cultural institutions. The most drastic differences are found in income
deciles of some women. Based on these statistics, one measure to reduce the wage gap
between men and women could be to reduce the proportion of those women who do not visit
cultural institutions or attend cultural events at all, in other words – people should be directed to
attend a cultural event at least once or twice a year.
Impact of cohabitation on the number of persons’ working hours
A person’s daily time-specific division between primary activities is influenced also by the fact
whether he/she is single or lives together with a partner. (Figure 9)
Viewing the working hours of people based on the form of cohabitation reveals that cohabiting
people have much more working time than single persons. Such difference is more than an hour
for women and more than an hour and a half for men. Comparison of the number of average
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MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME?