14. "Flood Routing - Culvert <strong>Design</strong>," B.P. Durow, The South African Institution <strong>of</strong> Engineers, March 1982. 15. "Stability <strong>of</strong> Relocated Stream Channels," J. C. Brice, Report No. FHWA/RD-80/158, U.S. Geological Survey, March 1981. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. 16. "Roughness Characteristics <strong>of</strong> Natural Channels," Harry H. Barnes, Jr., Water Supply Paper 1849, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 1967. 17. "Estimating <strong>Hydraulic</strong> Roughness Coefficients," Woody L. Cowan, Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 37, No. 7, pp. 473-475, July 1956. 18. "Guide for Selecting Manning's Roughness Coefficients for Natural Channels and Flood Plains," G.J. Arcement, Jr. and V.R. Schneider, U.S. Geological Survey, Baton Rouge Louisiana, 70896, Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161., April 1984. 19. "Assessment <strong>of</strong> the Impacts <strong>of</strong> the National Flood Insurance Program on <strong>Highway</strong>s," George Davis, Report No. FHWA/RD-80/015, <strong>Hydraulic</strong>s Branch, Bridge Division, Office <strong>of</strong> Engineering, FHWA, Washington, D.C. 20590, April 1980. 20. "Culvert <strong>Design</strong> System," FHWA-TS-80-245, <strong>Hydraulic</strong>s Section, Wyoming <strong>Highway</strong> Department, Cheyenne, WY 82001, December 1980. 21. "<strong>Hydraulic</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Bridge Waterways," J.N. Bradley, HDS No. 1, Second Edition, <strong>Hydraulic</strong>s Branch, Bridge Division, Office <strong>of</strong> Engineering, FHWA, Washington, D.C. 20590, September 1973. 22. "Bridge Waterways Analysis Model: Research Report," J.O. Shearman, W.H. Kirby, V.R. Schneider, and H.N. Flippo, FHWA-RD-86-108, Washington, D.C. 20590. 23. "<strong>Design</strong> Charts For Open Channel Flow," HDS No. 3, <strong>Hydraulic</strong>s Branch, Bridge Division, Office <strong>of</strong> Engineering, FHWA, Washington, D.C. 20590, 1973. 24. "Handbook <strong>of</strong> <strong>Hydraulic</strong>s," Horace Williams King and Ernest F. Brater, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1976. 25. "<strong>Hydraulic</strong> Flow Resistance Factors for Corrugated Metal Conduits," J.M. Normann, FHWA-TS-80-216, <strong>Hydraulic</strong>s Branch, Bridge Division, Office <strong>of</strong> Engineering, FHWA, Washington, D.C. 20590, January 1980. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. 26. "Structural <strong>Design</strong> Manual for Improved Inlets and <strong>Culverts</strong>," Timothy J. McGrath and Frank J. Heger, FHWA-IP-83-6, Bridge Division, Office <strong>of</strong> Engineering, FHWA, Washington, D.C., 20590, June 1983. 27. "Basic Stormwater Management in Virginia - Course C Training Notebook," Jerome M. Normann and Robert J. Houghtalen, Virginia Soil and Water Conservation Commission, Richmond, VA, January 1985. 182
28. "<strong>Design</strong> Approaches for Stormwater Management in Urban Areas," H. R. Malcom, Jr., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1975. 29. "Peak Run<strong>of</strong>fs From Small Basins Using Culvert Flood Measurements," J. D. Harris, <strong>On</strong>tario MTC Drainage and Hydrology Section, Downsville, <strong>On</strong>tario, 1975. 30. "Guidelines for the <strong>Hydraulic</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Culverts</strong>," Task Force on Hydrology and <strong>Hydraulic</strong>s AASHTO <strong>Highway</strong> Subcommittee on <strong>Design</strong>, American Association <strong>of</strong> State <strong>Highway</strong> and Transportation Officials, 341 National Press Bldg., Washington, D.C. 20045, 1975. 31. "Open Channel <strong>Hydraulic</strong>s," V.T. Chow, McGraw-Hill-Civil Engineering Series, New York, 1959. 32. "Water Resources Engineering," Ray F. Linsley and Joseph B. Franzini, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1972. 33. "<strong>Design</strong> <strong>of</strong> Urban <strong>Highway</strong> Drainage - The State <strong>of</strong> the Art," Stifel W. Jens, FHWA-TS- 79-225, <strong>Hydraulic</strong>s Branch, Bridge Division, Office <strong>of</strong> Engineering, FHWA, Washington, D.C. 20590, August 1979. 34. "The <strong>Design</strong> <strong>of</strong> Supercritical Flow Channel Junctions," C. E. Behike and H. D. Pritchett, Research Record Number 123, <strong>Highway</strong> Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1966. 35. "California Culvert Practice," 2nd Edition, California Department <strong>of</strong> Public Works, Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Highway</strong>s, Sacramento, CA, 1956. 36. "Experiences in the Use <strong>of</strong> Minimum and Constant Energy Bridges and <strong>Culverts</strong>," N.H. Cottman, Institution <strong>of</strong> Engineers, Australia, 11 National Circuit Barton A.C.T. 26000 Australia 0 85825 157 4, October 1981. 37. "<strong>Hydraulic</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Minimum Energy <strong>Culverts</strong> and Bridge Waterways," C.J. Apelt, Institute <strong>of</strong> Engineers, Australia, 11 National Circuit, Barton A.C.T. 2600 Australia 0 85825 157 4, October 1981. 38. "<strong>Hydraulic</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Culverts</strong> - <strong>On</strong>tario Ministry <strong>of</strong> Transportation and Communication Drainage Manual, Chapter D," J.D. Harris, <strong>On</strong>tario Ministry <strong>of</strong> Transportation and Communications, Dawnsview, <strong>On</strong>tario, August 1982. 39. "<strong>Design</strong> Considerations and Calculations for Fishways Through Box <strong>Culverts</strong>," Fred F.M. Chang and J. M. Normann, Unpublished Text, <strong>Hydraulic</strong>s Branch, Bridge Division, FHWA, Office <strong>of</strong> Engineering, Washington, D.C. 20590, September 1976. 40. "<strong>Hydraulic</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>of</strong> Energy Dissipators for <strong>Culverts</strong> and Channels," M. L. Corry, P.L. Thompson, F.J. Watts, J.S. Jones and D.L. Richards, HEC No. 14, <strong>Hydraulic</strong>s Branch, Bridge Division, Office <strong>of</strong> Engineering, FHWA, Washington, D.C. 20590, September 1983 41. "Evaluating Scour at Culvert Outlets," J.F. Ruff and S.R. Abt, Transportation Research Board Record N785, Transportation Research Board, <strong>Publications</strong> Office, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20418, 1980. 183
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Publication No. FHWA-NHI-01-020 Sep
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Acknowledgements This document’s
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) III. CULV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) F. Safety
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LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.) Figure III-
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Factors Inf
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ELhf ELhi ELho ELht ELO ELsf ELSO E
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GLOSSARY (Cont.) p Wetted perimeter
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B. Overview of Culverts A culvert i
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Figure I-9--Side-tapered inlet Figu
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. Partly Full (Free Surface) Flow.
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Table 1--Factors Influencing Culver
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D. Economics The hydraulic design o
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For gaged sites, statistical analys
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volume of the remaining runoff hydr
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Figure II-4--Flood hydrograph shape
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Figure II-6--Cross section location
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. Culvert Length. Important dimensi
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HYDROLOGY Peak Flow Check Flows Tab
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Figure III-1--Types of inlet contro
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Figure II-2--Flow contractions for
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The flow transition zone between th
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Figure III-6--Culvert with Inlet Su
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Condition III-7-A represents the cl
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Outlet control flow conditions can
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2 2 Vu Vd HW o + = TW + + HL (6) 2g
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This approximate method works best
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Figure III-12--Weir Crest Length De
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Critical depth is used when the tai
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4. Add the culvert flow and the roa
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NOTE: If the nomographs are put int
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Figure III-19--Critical Depth Chart
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(1) If the Manning’s n value give
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Example Problem #1 (SI Units) A cul
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Example Problem #2 (SI Units) A new
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Example Problem #3 (SI Units) Desig
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Example Problem #4 (SI Units) An ex
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CHART 51A Figure III-21--Inlet Cont
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2. Outlet Control. a. Partly Full F
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Backwater Calculations From hydraul
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English Units INLET CONTROL: AD 0.
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A. Introduction IV. TAPERED INLETS
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height by more than 10 percent (1.1
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A slope-tapered inlet has three pos
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The mitered face slope-tapered inle
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La is the approximate length of the
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E. Design Methods Figure IV-9--Tape
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a. Complete Design Data. Fill in th
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H 1 i. For FALL < D/4, use side-tap
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3. Example Problems a. Example Prob
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. Example Problem #1 (English Units
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103
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105
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c. Example Problem #2 (SI Units). F
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Conclusions: A side-tapered inlet a
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111
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G. Circular Pipe Culverts 1. Design
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Double barrel slope-tapered inlets
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117
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. Example Problem #3 (English Units
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121
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A. The Routing Concept V. STORAGE R
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C. Application to Culvert Design Fi
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Figure V-6--Peak Flow Reduction Bas
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I + I + ( 2s / ∆t − O) = ( 2s /
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