Transportation Spending by Low-Income California Households ...

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5. COMMUTE BEHAVIOR IN THE BAY AREA........63 Differences in Travel Patterns Across Income Groups.....63 Commute Patterns, by Length of U.S. Residency ........70 Geographic Differences ..........................71 Mode Choice for Workers Making the Same Commute ...77 Interactions Between Mode Choice and Commute Duration ................................82 Commute Patterns and Residential Location ...........84 Household Composition and Variation in Travel Patterns .................................86 6. CONCLUSIONS FROM THE DATA ANALYSIS .....91 Part II: Policy Strategies and Areas for Future Research 7. POLICY STRATEGIES FOR AFFORDABLE TRANSPORTATION ..........................99 Expansion of Housing Options ...................102 Creation of Accessible Jobs ......................104 Linking Home to Work via Public Transit ...........105 Transit Discounts for Specific Groups .............105 Transit Discounts for Eligible Individuals ..........106 Reducing the Cost of Transfers..................107 Multi-Ride Discounts ........................107 Systemwide Free or Reduced Fares ...............109 Flexible Pricing .............................111 Limitations of Public Transit Price Reduction Strategies ...............................112 Improving the Non-Monetary Aspects of Public Transit Service ...........................113 Linking Home to Work via Vehicle Ownership ........114 Vouchers for Operating Expenses ................114 Loans or Grants for Vehicle Purchase, Maintenance, and Repair ..............................115 Targeting Insurance Costs .....................117 Linking Home to Work via Paratransit and Other Alternatives..............................118 xiv
Vans and Shuttles ...........................119 Jitneys ...................................119 Ride-Sharing and Car-Sharing ..................120 Transportation for Short-Term Needs .............120 Providing Options for Job Search ................121 Facilitating Bicycling or Walking ................122 Involving Employers .........................122 Improving Information and Convenience ............122 Assistance for Child-Related Travel.................123 Increasing Household Income Directly ..............124 8. PRIORITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ..........127 Assessing the Transportation Needs of Low-Income Households .............................127 Evaluation of Transportation Affordability Programs ....130 Appendix A. General Information on Methods..................133 B. Information on Specific Datasets ..................141 C. Sensitivity Analysis for Key CES Results .............149 D. Methods Used for the Example Commute Analysis .....155 Bibliography ...................................157 About the Author ................................165 Related PPIC Publications..........................167 xv
Page 1 and 2: Transportation Spending by Low-Inco
Page 3 and 4: Foreword Mismatches between jobs an
Page 5 and 6: Summary Transportation is an import
Page 7 and 8: Table S.1 Median Annual Transportat
Page 9 and 10: about 5 to 10 percent of the median
Page 11: providing discounted transit fares
Page 17: Figures S.1. Vehicle Ownership and
Page 20 and 21: 4.3. Costs of Illustrative Within-C
Page 23 and 24: 1. Introduction Costs associated wi
Page 25 and 26: of “welfare-to-work” transporta
Page 27: lays out policy options for address
Page 31 and 32: 2. Data and Methods In this report,
Page 33 and 34: advantage to this approach is that
Page 35 and 36: 3. Transportation Expenditures in M
Page 37 and 38: Table 3.2 Vehicle Use, Vehicle Owne
Page 39 and 40: Components of Vehicle-Related Expen
Page 41 and 42: inspection, and auto club membershi
Page 43 and 44: income households and the higher-in
Page 45 and 46: eport looks primarily at cost and n
Page 47 and 48: The results from Table 3.5 indicate
Page 49 and 50: variation in transportation costs w
Page 51 and 52: overall household expenditures for
Page 53 and 54: 31 Table 3.9 Transportation Expendi
Page 55 and 56: Table 3.10 Comparison of California
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.11 Comparison of the San Fr
Page 59 and 60: Table 3.10 have lower expenditure f
Page 61 and 62: 4. Costs of Illustrative Bay Area C
Page 63 and 64: 0-300 301-600 601-1100 1101-6813 Ba
Page 65 and 66:
Table 4.2 Place of Work Comparison
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Concord CONTRA COSTA SAN FRANCISCO
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Administration (FHWA) mileage rate
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49 Table 4.3 Costs of Illustrative
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participants who took transit or ca
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Table 4.4 Costs of Illustrative Wit
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
commutes is $4,240, whereas the hig
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The results from this chapter seem
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5. Commute Behavior in the Bay Area
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We also looked at mode choice using
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longer for higher-income workers if
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Table 5.3 (continued) Low- Income H
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Table 5.5 depicts the share of the
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73 Table 5.6 Mode Choice and Vehicl
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75 Table 5.8 Mode Choice and Vehicl
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households report having access to
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Table 5.9 (continued) % Using Each
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• Marin to San Francisco: As with
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Table 5.10 Median Commute Durations
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85 Table 5.11 Differences in Mode C
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Table 5.13 Mode Choice, Work Schedu
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trips, make more household-supporti
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only expenditures. Paying a given n
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improving service quality rather th
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Part II Policy Strategies and Areas
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potential social costs such as poll
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• Increasing income directly, to
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grants for developments that meet c
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make it easier for various entities
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pass.” 10 Perhaps discounts could
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free transit is most likely not app
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have fares based on the time of day
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hours for late night and graveyard
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credit ratings, assisting with insu
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would have paid with traditional au
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citizens. Rather, the question shou
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Facilitating Bicycling or Walking A
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transportation hubs may be another
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allowing flexibility at the local l
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services, health care, drug treatme
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costs. Efforts to incorporate infor
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are differences) and by looking at
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Dataset Poor Low-Income Higher-Inco
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income, problems common to most hou
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or the Bay Area specifically. We us
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Appendix B Information on Specific
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We also excluded expenditures on bi
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Atlanta: Atlanta, GA MSA Miami: Mia
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147 Table B.1 (continued) CES Metro
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Appendix C Sensitivity Analysis for
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151 Table C.1 (continued) Poor Low-
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transportation expenditures constit
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Appendix D Methods Used for the Exa
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Bibliography American Automobile As
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Implications of Welfare Reform for
Page 183 and 184:
Lucas, M., and C. Nicholson, “Sub
Page 185 and 186:
Progressive Casualty Insurance Comp
Page 187:
About the Author LORIEN RICE Lorien
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