Transportation Spending by Low-Income California Households ...

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Holzer, H., “The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown?” Urban Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1991, pp. 105–122. Holzer, H., J. Quigley, and S. Raphael, “Public Transit and the Spatial Distribution of Minority Employment: Evidence from a Natural Experiment,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2003, pp. 415–442. Ihlanfeldt, K., and D. Sjoquist, “The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: A Review of Recent Studies and Their Implications for Welfare Reform,” Housing Policy Debate, Vol. 9, 1998, pp. 849–892. Internal Revenue Service, Revenue Procedure 2002-61, 2002, available at http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/rp-02-61.pdf. Kain, J. F., “The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Three Decades Later,” Housing Policy Debate, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1992, pp. 371–460. Kain, J. F., “Residential Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization,” Journal of Economics, Vol. 82, 1968, pp. 175–197. Kinsey, S., “Using Transportation Dollars to Build Communities,” Housing Facts and Findings, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2003, p. 2. Ladd, H., “Evidence on Discrimination in Mortgage Lending,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 12, No. 2, Spring 1998, pp. 41–62. Litman, T., “Distance-based Vehicle Insurance as a TDM Strategy,” Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 51, No. 3, Summer 1997, pp. 119–137. Loveless, S., “Access to Jobs: Intersection of Transportation, Social, and Economic Development Policies—Challenge for Transportation Planning in the 21st Century,” in Refocusing Transportation Planning for the 21st Century: Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings 20, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2000. Low, H., “Report on Low Cost Automobile Insurance Pilot Program 2001 Informational Hearings,” California Department of Insurance, January 2002, available at http://www.insurance.ca. gov/LCA/Documents/HrgRpt601.html. 160
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Transportation Spending by Low-Inco
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Foreword Mismatches between jobs an
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Summary Transportation is an import
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Table S.1 Median Annual Transportat
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about 5 to 10 percent of the median
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providing discounted transit fares
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5. COMMUTE BEHAVIOR IN THE BAY AREA
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Figures S.1. Vehicle Ownership and
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4.3. Costs of Illustrative Within-C
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1. Introduction Costs associated wi
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of “welfare-to-work” transporta
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lays out policy options for address
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2. Data and Methods In this report,
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advantage to this approach is that
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3. Transportation Expenditures in M
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Table 3.2 Vehicle Use, Vehicle Owne
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Components of Vehicle-Related Expen
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inspection, and auto club membershi
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income households and the higher-in
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eport looks primarily at cost and n
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The results from Table 3.5 indicate
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variation in transportation costs w
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overall household expenditures for
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31 Table 3.9 Transportation Expendi
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Table 3.10 Comparison of California
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Table 3.11 Comparison of the San Fr
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Table 3.10 have lower expenditure f
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4. Costs of Illustrative Bay Area C
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0-300 301-600 601-1100 1101-6813 Ba
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Table 4.2 Place of Work Comparison
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Concord CONTRA COSTA SAN FRANCISCO
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Administration (FHWA) mileage rate
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49 Table 4.3 Costs of Illustrative
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participants who took transit or ca
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Table 4.4 Costs of Illustrative Wit
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commutes is $4,240, whereas the hig
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The results from this chapter seem
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5. Commute Behavior in the Bay Area
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We also looked at mode choice using
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longer for higher-income workers if
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Table 5.3 (continued) Low- Income H
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Table 5.5 depicts the share of the
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73 Table 5.6 Mode Choice and Vehicl
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75 Table 5.8 Mode Choice and Vehicl
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households report having access to
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Table 5.9 (continued) % Using Each
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• Marin to San Francisco: As with
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Table 5.10 Median Commute Durations
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85 Table 5.11 Differences in Mode C
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Table 5.13 Mode Choice, Work Schedu
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trips, make more household-supporti
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only expenditures. Paying a given n
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improving service quality rather th
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Part II Policy Strategies and Areas
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potential social costs such as poll
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• Increasing income directly, to
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grants for developments that meet c
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make it easier for various entities
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pass.” 10 Perhaps discounts could
Page 132 and 133: free transit is most likely not app
Page 134 and 135: have fares based on the time of day
Page 136 and 137: hours for late night and graveyard
Page 138 and 139: credit ratings, assisting with insu
Page 140 and 141: would have paid with traditional au
Page 142 and 143: citizens. Rather, the question shou
Page 144 and 145: Facilitating Bicycling or Walking A
Page 146 and 147: transportation hubs may be another
Page 148 and 149: allowing flexibility at the local l
Page 150 and 151: services, health care, drug treatme
Page 152 and 153: costs. Efforts to incorporate infor
Page 154 and 155: are differences) and by looking at
Page 156 and 157: Dataset Poor Low-Income Higher-Inco
Page 158 and 159: income, problems common to most hou
Page 160 and 161: or the Bay Area specifically. We us
Page 163 and 164: Appendix B Information on Specific
Page 165 and 166: We also excluded expenditures on bi
Page 167 and 168: Atlanta: Atlanta, GA MSA Miami: Mia
Page 169 and 170: 147 Table B.1 (continued) CES Metro
Page 171 and 172: Appendix C Sensitivity Analysis for
Page 173 and 174: 151 Table C.1 (continued) Poor Low-
Page 175 and 176: transportation expenditures constit
Page 177 and 178: Appendix D Methods Used for the Exa
Page 179 and 180: Bibliography American Automobile As
Page 181: Implications of Welfare Reform for
Page 185 and 186: Progressive Casualty Insurance Comp
Page 187: About the Author LORIEN RICE Lorien
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