Transportation Spending by Low-Income California Households ...

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July 2003, available at www.brook.edu/es/urban/publications/ 20030801_Waller.pdf. Boushey, H., C. Brocht, B. Gundersen, and J. Bernstein, Hardships in America: The Real Story of Working Families, Economic Policy Institute, Washington, D.C., 2001, available at www.epinet.org/ books/hardships.pdf. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2001 Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey Public Use Microdata Documentation, December 2002. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, “Characteristics and Spending Patterns of Consumer Units in the Lowest 10 Percent of the Expenditure Distribution,” Issues in Labor Statistics, Summary 01-02, April 2001. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation, “Commuting Expenses: Disparity for the Working Poor,” BTS Issue Brief No. 1, March 2003, available at http://www.bts.gov/ products/issue_briefs/number_01/pdf/entire.pdf. California Public Utilities Code 99268, available at http://caselaw.lp. findlaw.com/cacodes/puc/99260-99273.html CalWORKs Transportation Access and Advocacy Coalition (CTAAC), Transportation Policies Position Paper, 2001. Cervero, R., Paratransit in America: Redefining Mass Transportation, Praeger Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, 1997. Cervero, R., “Transit Pricing Research: A Review and Synthesis,” Transportation, Vol. 17, 1990, pp. 117–139. Cervero, R., O. Sandoval, and J. Landis, “Transportation as a Stimulus of Welfare-to-Work: Private versus Public Mobility,” Journal of Planning Education and Research, Vol. 22, 2002, pp. 50–63. Contra Contra Transportation Alliance, Contra Costa County Welfare-to- Work Transportation Action Plan, Menlo Park, California, 1999. Coulton, C., L. Leete, and N. Bania, “Housing, Transportation and Access to Suburban Jobs by Welfare Recipients in the Cleveland Area,” in Sandra J. Newman, ed., The Home Front: The 158
Implications of Welfare Reform for Housing, Urban Institute Press, 1999. Crain and Associates, Inc., Sonoma County Welfare to Work Transportation Planning Project Final Report, prepared for the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, San Carlos, California, November 2000. Dasinger, L. K., et al., Alameda County CalWORKs Needs Assessment and Outcomes Study (Report #5): The Relationship of Barriers, Supportive Services, Income, and Health Insurance with Work and Welfare over 27 Months, prepared for the Social Services Agency, County of Alameda, by the Public Health Institute, Berkeley, California, December 2002. Dixon, L., and S. Garber, Fighting Air Pollution in Southern California by Scrapping Old Vehicles, RAND, Santa Monica, California, 2001. Dowall, D., M. Beyeler, and C. Wong, “Evaluation of California’s Enterprise Zone and Employment and Economic Incentive Programs,” California Policy Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, March 1994. Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, The Vehicle Fleet (online publication), May 6, 2004, available at www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/onh00/onh2p3.htm. Garnett, N., “The Road from Welfare to Work: Informal Transportation and the Urban Poor,” Harvard Journal on Legislation, Vol. 38, 2001, pp. 173–229. Green, R., et al., Alameda County CalWORKs Needs Assessment (Report #2): Barriers to Working and Summaries of Baseline Status, prepared for the Social Services Agency, County of Alameda, by the Public Health Institute, Berkeley, California, February 2000. Hayden, C., and B. Mauldin, “On the Road: Car Ownership as an Asset Building Strategy for Reducing Transportation Related Barriers to Work,” National Economic Development Law Center, Oakland, California, 2002, available at http://www.nedlc.org/Ontheroad. pdf. 159
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Transportation Spending by Low-Inco
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Foreword Mismatches between jobs an
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Summary Transportation is an import
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Table S.1 Median Annual Transportat
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about 5 to 10 percent of the median
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providing discounted transit fares
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5. COMMUTE BEHAVIOR IN THE BAY AREA
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Figures S.1. Vehicle Ownership and
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4.3. Costs of Illustrative Within-C
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1. Introduction Costs associated wi
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of “welfare-to-work” transporta
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lays out policy options for address
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2. Data and Methods In this report,
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advantage to this approach is that
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3. Transportation Expenditures in M
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Table 3.2 Vehicle Use, Vehicle Owne
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Components of Vehicle-Related Expen
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inspection, and auto club membershi
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income households and the higher-in
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eport looks primarily at cost and n
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The results from Table 3.5 indicate
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variation in transportation costs w
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overall household expenditures for
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31 Table 3.9 Transportation Expendi
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Table 3.10 Comparison of California
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Table 3.11 Comparison of the San Fr
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Table 3.10 have lower expenditure f
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4. Costs of Illustrative Bay Area C
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0-300 301-600 601-1100 1101-6813 Ba
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Table 4.2 Place of Work Comparison
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Concord CONTRA COSTA SAN FRANCISCO
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Administration (FHWA) mileage rate
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49 Table 4.3 Costs of Illustrative
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participants who took transit or ca
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Table 4.4 Costs of Illustrative Wit
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commutes is $4,240, whereas the hig
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The results from this chapter seem
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5. Commute Behavior in the Bay Area
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We also looked at mode choice using
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longer for higher-income workers if
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Table 5.3 (continued) Low- Income H
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Table 5.5 depicts the share of the
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73 Table 5.6 Mode Choice and Vehicl
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75 Table 5.8 Mode Choice and Vehicl
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households report having access to
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Table 5.9 (continued) % Using Each
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• Marin to San Francisco: As with
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Table 5.10 Median Commute Durations
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85 Table 5.11 Differences in Mode C
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Table 5.13 Mode Choice, Work Schedu
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trips, make more household-supporti
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only expenditures. Paying a given n
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improving service quality rather th
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Part II Policy Strategies and Areas
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potential social costs such as poll
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• Increasing income directly, to
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grants for developments that meet c
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make it easier for various entities
Page 130 and 131: pass.” 10 Perhaps discounts could
Page 132 and 133: free transit is most likely not app
Page 134 and 135: have fares based on the time of day
Page 136 and 137: hours for late night and graveyard
Page 138 and 139: credit ratings, assisting with insu
Page 140 and 141: would have paid with traditional au
Page 142 and 143: citizens. Rather, the question shou
Page 144 and 145: Facilitating Bicycling or Walking A
Page 146 and 147: transportation hubs may be another
Page 148 and 149: allowing flexibility at the local l
Page 150 and 151: services, health care, drug treatme
Page 152 and 153: costs. Efforts to incorporate infor
Page 154 and 155: are differences) and by looking at
Page 156 and 157: Dataset Poor Low-Income Higher-Inco
Page 158 and 159: income, problems common to most hou
Page 160 and 161: or the Bay Area specifically. We us
Page 163 and 164: Appendix B Information on Specific
Page 165 and 166: We also excluded expenditures on bi
Page 167 and 168: Atlanta: Atlanta, GA MSA Miami: Mia
Page 169 and 170: 147 Table B.1 (continued) CES Metro
Page 171 and 172: Appendix C Sensitivity Analysis for
Page 173 and 174: 151 Table C.1 (continued) Poor Low-
Page 175 and 176: transportation expenditures constit
Page 177 and 178: Appendix D Methods Used for the Exa
Page 179: Bibliography American Automobile As
Page 183 and 184: Lucas, M., and C. Nicholson, “Sub
Page 185 and 186: Progressive Casualty Insurance Comp
Page 187: About the Author LORIEN RICE Lorien
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