Transportation Spending by Low-Income California Households ...

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determined the capital cost of each vehicle, which was then summed across vehicles for each household to obtain the total “capital cost” for the household. We excluded from the sample households that had extremely high or extremely low values for total expenditures. Specifically, we eliminated cases with total annual expenditures below $1,000 or above $500,000. These outliers represent approximately the 1st and 99th percentiles of the distribution of total expenditures. It should be noted that the payment of mortgage principal is counted by CES as “reduction in liabilities” rather than “expenditures,” and so mortgage principal payments are not included in our housing expenditure number. However, the CES housing expenditure numbers used in this report include mortgage interest, property taxes, maintenance, repairs, insurance, and other expenses for homeowners, as well as rent for renters. The housing expenditures numbers also include utilities, household operating expenses, and home furnishings and equipment, regardless of homeownership status. The CES MSA-level data used in Table 3.11 define the Metropolitan Statistical Areas differently, depending on the particular metropolitan area. Some areas are CMSAs, some are a combination of Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSAs), and others are strictly MSAs. The following list shows what each metropolitan area in Table 3.11 represents: Northeast: New York: New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT- PA CMSA Philadelphia: Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-DE-NJ CMSA Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh, PA MSA Boston: Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT CMSA South: Washington, D.C.: Washington, DC-MD-VA-WV PMSA and Hagerstown, MD PMSA Baltimore: Baltimore, MD PMSA 144
Atlanta: Atlanta, GA MSA Miami: Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA Tampa: Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA Dallas-Fort Worth: Dallas-Fort Worth, TX CMSA Houston: Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX CMSA West: Los Angeles: Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA CMSA San Francisco: San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA CMSA San Diego: San Diego, CA MSA Portland: Portland-Salem, OR-WA CMSA Seattle: Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA CMSA Honolulu: Honolulu, HI MSA Anchorage: Anchorage, AK MSA Phoenix: Phoenix-Mesa, AZ MSA Denver: Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO CMSA Midwest: Chicago: Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI CMSA Detroit: Detroit, MI PMSA Milwaukee: Milwaukee-Racine, WI CMSA Minneapolis-St Paul: Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI MSA Cleveland: Cleveland-Akron, OH CMSA Cincinnati: Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN CMSA St. Louis: St. Louis, MO-IL MSA Kansas City: Kansas City, MO-KS MSA Comparison of Demographic Characteristics Across Samples Appendix Table B.1 compares demographic characteristics of the CES metropolitan California sample, the PUMS metropolitan California sample, and the PUMS Bay Area sample to gauge how well the CES results are likely to represent patterns in the Bay Area. The CES California sample characteristics are quite similar to the PUMS metropolitan California sample but somewhat less similar to the Bay 145
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Transportation Spending by Low-Inco
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Foreword Mismatches between jobs an
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Summary Transportation is an import
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Table S.1 Median Annual Transportat
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about 5 to 10 percent of the median
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providing discounted transit fares
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5. COMMUTE BEHAVIOR IN THE BAY AREA
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Figures S.1. Vehicle Ownership and
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4.3. Costs of Illustrative Within-C
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1. Introduction Costs associated wi
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of “welfare-to-work” transporta
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lays out policy options for address
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2. Data and Methods In this report,
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advantage to this approach is that
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3. Transportation Expenditures in M
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Table 3.2 Vehicle Use, Vehicle Owne
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Components of Vehicle-Related Expen
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inspection, and auto club membershi
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income households and the higher-in
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eport looks primarily at cost and n
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The results from Table 3.5 indicate
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variation in transportation costs w
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overall household expenditures for
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31 Table 3.9 Transportation Expendi
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Table 3.10 Comparison of California
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Table 3.11 Comparison of the San Fr
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Table 3.10 have lower expenditure f
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4. Costs of Illustrative Bay Area C
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0-300 301-600 601-1100 1101-6813 Ba
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Table 4.2 Place of Work Comparison
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Concord CONTRA COSTA SAN FRANCISCO
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Administration (FHWA) mileage rate
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49 Table 4.3 Costs of Illustrative
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participants who took transit or ca
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Table 4.4 Costs of Illustrative Wit
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commutes is $4,240, whereas the hig
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The results from this chapter seem
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5. Commute Behavior in the Bay Area
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We also looked at mode choice using
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longer for higher-income workers if
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Table 5.3 (continued) Low- Income H
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Table 5.5 depicts the share of the
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73 Table 5.6 Mode Choice and Vehicl
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75 Table 5.8 Mode Choice and Vehicl
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households report having access to
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Table 5.9 (continued) % Using Each
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• Marin to San Francisco: As with
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Table 5.10 Median Commute Durations
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85 Table 5.11 Differences in Mode C
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Table 5.13 Mode Choice, Work Schedu
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trips, make more household-supporti
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only expenditures. Paying a given n
Page 116 and 117: improving service quality rather th
Page 119: Part II Policy Strategies and Areas
Page 122 and 123: potential social costs such as poll
Page 124 and 125: • Increasing income directly, to
Page 126 and 127: grants for developments that meet c
Page 128 and 129: make it easier for various entities
Page 130 and 131: pass.” 10 Perhaps discounts could
Page 132 and 133: free transit is most likely not app
Page 134 and 135: have fares based on the time of day
Page 136 and 137: hours for late night and graveyard
Page 138 and 139: credit ratings, assisting with insu
Page 140 and 141: would have paid with traditional au
Page 142 and 143: citizens. Rather, the question shou
Page 144 and 145: Facilitating Bicycling or Walking A
Page 146 and 147: transportation hubs may be another
Page 148 and 149: allowing flexibility at the local l
Page 150 and 151: services, health care, drug treatme
Page 152 and 153: costs. Efforts to incorporate infor
Page 154 and 155: are differences) and by looking at
Page 156 and 157: Dataset Poor Low-Income Higher-Inco
Page 158 and 159: income, problems common to most hou
Page 160 and 161: or the Bay Area specifically. We us
Page 163 and 164: Appendix B Information on Specific
Page 165: We also excluded expenditures on bi
Page 169 and 170: 147 Table B.1 (continued) CES Metro
Page 171 and 172: Appendix C Sensitivity Analysis for
Page 173 and 174: 151 Table C.1 (continued) Poor Low-
Page 175 and 176: transportation expenditures constit
Page 177 and 178: Appendix D Methods Used for the Exa
Page 179 and 180: Bibliography American Automobile As
Page 181 and 182: Implications of Welfare Reform for
Page 183 and 184: Lucas, M., and C. Nicholson, “Sub
Page 185 and 186: Progressive Casualty Insurance Comp
Page 187: About the Author LORIEN RICE Lorien
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