Preface The expedition ARK XIX/3 with the German icebreaking RV ...

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Glud, R.N., Gundersen, J.K., Jørgensen, B.B., Revsbech, N.P. and Schulz, H.D. (1994). Diffusive and total oxygen uptake of deep-sea sediments in the eastern South Atlantic Ocean: in situ and laboratory measurements. Deep-Sea Research I, 41(11/12): 1767- 1788. Kühl, M. and Revsbech, N.P. (1999). Microsensors for the study of interfacial biogeochemical processes. In: B.P. Boudreau and B.B. Jørgensen (Editors), The benthic boundary layer. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 180-210. Zeebe, R.E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001). CO 2 in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics and isotopes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 346 pp. - 211 -
B. 5.3 Methane in gas hydrate bearing sediments – turnover rates and microorganisms (MUMM) Witte, U. Mud volcanoes like the HMMV are present at tectonically inactive areas of continental margins and can occur independently of volcanic sulfide and heat above gas and petroleum reservoirs buried in the sea floor. Biogenic methane is formed in deep sediment strata and rises to the surface of the seafloor. The gas may accumulate in the sediments and form gas reservoirs such as gas hydrates (frozen methane). If these gas reservoirs reach a certain pressure, they can form geological structures called mud volcanoes. At mud volcanoes, sediment pore water, gas and mud is expelled from deep below forming mounds and crater at the sea floor. Active mud volcanoes are a seep for natural gas (methane) and are often densely populated by tube worms, clams and other symbiotic organisms – just like hot vents. Hence, chemotrophic communities, i.e. organisms which are fuelled by the chemical energy of dissolved minerals can indicate the presence of active gas seeps. The rising methane is often very efficiently used by a symbiosis of archaeal and bacterial microorganisms that is able to oxidise methane with sulfate - which is abundant in seawater. This reaction produces sulfide, which in turn fuels conspicious chemosynthetic communities (sulfur bacteria, clams and tube worms with bacterial symbionts). From the HMMV, three main habitats were described from previous cruises: a central, barren area of sediment not (yet ?) colonized by sulfur-oxidising communities, areas covered by dense Beggiatoa mats, and Pogonophora fields. The investigations showed that a lot of methane is emitted from the barren centre of the mud volcano. In areas covered by chemosynthetic communities, on the other hand, only very little methane was observed to escape to the water column. Possibly, the methaneconsuming microorganisms that produce the sulfide fuelling these communities form an effective barrier against the greenhouse gas methane. In addition, an attempt was made to quantify biological turnover rates and identify key horizons for the respective proceses involved, in order to: a. quantify total benthic carbon turnover as well as sulfide production and consumption rates, and finally generate a numerical transport-reaction model coupling the processes involved, - 212 -
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Preface The expedition ARK XIX/3 wi
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B. 1 Cruise leg ARK XIX/3b: An intr
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The ARK XIX/3 expedition A. 1 Itine
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positioning and navigation of the "
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was followed to obtain video materi
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On Friday morning the 20 th of June
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Fig. A1-2: The working area of the
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"Polarstern" (actual air temperatur
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6000" was still at depth "Polarster
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aseline navigation antennae which a
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Fig. A1-3: Entire cruise track of R
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At end of the leg pressure rising b
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The temperatures during the cruise
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Most frequent wind direction was so
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A. 3.1 High resolution seabed mappi
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On the other hand, the accuracy of
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The sampling campaign was also unde
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Hydrosweep DS2 is installed onboard
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Fig. A4.2-2: Normalized backscatter
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In addition to the micro bathymetry
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ackscatter value of -37.0dB, -38.9d
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athymetry and angular backscatter d
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A. 4.3 Sedimentary and hydrodynamic
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glacial periods. There is also evid
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Fig. A4.3.2-2: Visualisation of dif
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It seems that all the mounds along
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Visible calcareous fauna removed (b
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Fig. A4.3.3-2 Location of SAMS Phot
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Box Core Sample Log Sheet Station N
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A. 4.3.4 Influence of mound topogra
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A. 4.3.5 Photo lander deployment on
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- UMI data logger controlling a tra
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Fig. A4.3.5-3. Close-up view of the
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Lineated features are present NE of
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CARACOLE Cruise Report 30/07/2001 (
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intermediate nepheloid layers (Dick
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Fig. A4.4.1-2. Location of main stu
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A. 4.4.3 Biogeoprocesses along the
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in the database with the exact posi
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The areas with significant benthic
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predators and strong bottom current
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faunal distribution. Palaentologica
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ocks predate the last glaciation, s
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A. 4.4.6 Biological and geological
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Hovland M, Croker PF, Martin M (199
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Live fauna Sediments Live fauna and
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sites can subsequently be transport
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4) The NSOW has similar water mass
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 P
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A. 4.8 Deep water coral ecology and
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and video observations made. On ret
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Fig. A4.8.2-2: This orange, planar
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Fig. A4.8.2-4: Feather-shaped alcyo
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Fig. A4.8.2-7: Top left) Yellow alc
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scour or demersal trawling. The gro
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survey at frequencies of 38, 70, 12
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"Belgica mounds" - Porcupine Seabig
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"Twin mounds" - Porcupine Bank 14°
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corals were alive, relatively abund
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Network Setup for Tests The setup f
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are only initial testings and much
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pressure produced as a consequence
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surrounded by elevated sediment fea
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B. 2 Microbathymetry on ROV "Victor
Page 161 and 162: Pitch correction Due to assembling
Page 163 and 164: Maps Complete area Håkon Mosby Mud
Page 165 and 166: B. 3 Geochemistry, geophysics and s
Page 167 and 168: Heat Flow HMMV 2m # # # # # # # # #
Page 169 and 170: Lat_dec. Lon_dec Name k T_0m PS64/s
Page 171 and 172: Temperature / Gravity Corer # GC9 #
Page 173 and 174: Table B3.2-1: Technical specificati
Page 175 and 176: Sound velocity: As the cores all co
Page 177 and 178: Fig. B3.3-1: Display of a 4 km long
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Page 181 and 182: Fig. B3.4-1b: Lithological descript
Page 183 and 184: Fig. B3.4-1d: Lithological descript
Page 185 and 186: Fig. B3.4-1f: Lithological descript
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Page 189 and 190: As an example, a echo sounder image
Page 191 and 192: B. 5 Biological investigations at t
Page 193 and 194: - How much methane is oxidized aero
Page 195 and 196: profiler). Bottom water samples hav
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Page 201 and 202: B. 5.2 Microscale analysis of the s
Page 203 and 204: Laboratory measurements Central sit
Page 205 and 206: O2, CO3-- (mM) Beggiatoa mats, 30/0
Page 207 and 208: Photograph of the sulfide oxidising
Page 209 and 210: Central area No measurements could
Page 211: the temperature profile showed adve
Page 215 and 216: The deployments covered 3 (5) diffe
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Page 219 and 220: The quality of the mosaics depends
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Page 225 and 226: References Milkov, A., Vogt, P., Ch
Page 227 and 228: ROV "Victor 6000" The ROV "Victor 6
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Page 231 and 232: A multiple corer was used to retrie
Page 233 and 234: At the position of the moorings a C
Page 235 and 236: Micro profiles of O 2 but also of p
Page 237 and 238: The current regime luff and lee sid
Page 239 and 240: 2° 3° 4° N2 5° PS64/481 PS64/48
Page 241 and 242: station IRD archive liner bulk x-ra
Page 243 and 244: C. 4 Marine Geology Kukina, N. Majo
Page 245 and 246: 2° 3° 4° 5° 6° PS64/481 79°20
Page 247 and 248: Appendix 1: List of samples for fut
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Page 253 and 254: material via the Transpolar Drift t
Page 255 and 256: ounding processes as well. One poss
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Page 259 and 260: Eastern Greenland, Iceland and Scan
Page 261 and 262: C. 6 Debris on the seafloor at “H
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Results A summary of the results is
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enthic community are of crucial imp
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frame showed no obvious colonisatio
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subsamples (area of 400 - 800 cm 2
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using shipboard techniques - provid
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Tab C11-1: Stationlist of in situ m
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Tab. C11-2: In-situ measurements of
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Tab. C11-2: In-situ measurements of
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Climate models predict that global
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90 mean copepod densities/ 10 cm 2
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- Molecular phylogeny and phylogeog
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Species Stations Tmetonyx sp.1 326-
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was used to terminate and sample th
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openings of 45° at both sides the
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Station Date Time PositionLat Posit
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E. Participating institutes / compa
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Acronym Participants iSiTEC GmbH IS
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F. Participants F. 1 Participants A
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F. 2 Participants ARK XIX/3b Armand
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F. 3 Participants ARK XIX/3c Bauerf
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Preface The expedition ARK XIX/3 with the German icebreaking RV ...

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