Preface The expedition ARK XIX/3 with the German icebreaking RV ...

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Conclusions From the shape and composition of ice-rafted debris two scenarios can be reconstructed: The occurence of well-rounded, incrusted, scratched gravel consisting mainly of siliciclastic rocks in sediments of the continental slope west of Spitsbergen requires a combination of several sedimentary processes. During a lowstand of the last glaciation glaciers advanced onto the shelf around Svålbard (Andersen et al., 1996) where they deposited moraines with unrounded debris. After a warming and subsequent flooding of the shelf this debris was exposed to resedimentation and rounding by wave activity along the shoreline. During a readvance of the glaciers onto the shelf these deposits were again incorporated into the glaciers and were bulldozed to the grounding line of the glaciers at the shelf break, where they were subject to bioerosion (incrustation by shallow water fauna like e.g. bryozoa and serpulids) and Mn-oxide and Fe-hydroxide precipitation. The deposits become unstable and debris flows transported the material down the continental slope where it was covered by only several centimetres thick Holocene muds (see chapter C.3, Matthiessen et al.; Andersen et al., 1996). The presence of Cretaceous chalk and flint at most of the locations of the “Hausgarten” area requires for a northward transport of icebergs calved from glaciers covering the North Sea shelf during the last glacial maximum. In addition, some of the intermedium- to high-grade metamorphic (mica shist, gneiss) and plutonic (granite) clasts may originate from Norwegian or eastern Greenland glaciers. Tertiary and Quaternary basalts were eroded from Iceland, Jan Mayen Island or Eastern Greenland and the pumice clast certainly originates from Iceland. This debris rained to the seafloor during basal melting of the icebergs, where it was mixed with debris originating from Spitsbergen during debris flows. Sea ice can almost be excluded as transport medium as it drifts southwards within the Eastern Greenland Current. In the Fram Strait sea ice originating from the Siberian shelves contains almost no sand or gravel. A large scale counter clockwise circulation of icebergs following the course of the recent surface currents in the Nordic Seas (East Greenland Current, Irminger Current, Norwegian Current, West Spitsbergen Current) may transport material from - 257 -
Eastern Greenland, Iceland and Scandinavia towards Spitsbergen. Under recent conditions this is not observed in the Nordic Seas, but for the last glacial maximum such a circulation pattern has been reconstructed from analysis of IRD. In surface sediments of the Nordic Seas the distribution pattern of magnetic susceptibility also implies such a circulation (Pirrung et al., 2002). The occurence of IRD from southern source areas in the uppermost 2 - 10 cm of the “Hausgarten” sediments deposited during the Weichselian glaciation implies very low Holocene sedimentation rates (less than 5 - 10 mm/kyr) in the “Hausgarten” area. A more detailed discussion of sedimentation patterns requires more information from radiographs of giant box corers and age models e.g. on the basis of radioactive decay, stable oxygen isotopes or 14 C-dates from foraminifers. Additional information is to be expected from measurements of magnetisation. Acknowledgement We thank Melanie Bergmann, Natalia Budaeva, Katarzyna Jankowska, Natalia Kukina, and Barbara Urban-Malinga for kindly providing the sieved gravel clasts from the GKG stations. The staff onboard the polar research icebreaker “Polarstern” is thanked for their excellent assistance during the cruise ARK XIX/3c. References Anderson, E.S., Dokken, T.M., Everhoi, A., Solheim, A., Fossen, I. (1996): Late Quaternary sedimentation and glacial history of the western Svålbard continental margin. Marine Geology, 133: 123-156. - 258 -
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Preface The expedition ARK XIX/3 wi
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B. 1 Cruise leg ARK XIX/3b: An intr
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The ARK XIX/3 expedition A. 1 Itine
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positioning and navigation of the "
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was followed to obtain video materi
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On Friday morning the 20 th of June
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Fig. A1-2: The working area of the
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"Polarstern" (actual air temperatur
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6000" was still at depth "Polarster
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aseline navigation antennae which a
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Fig. A1-3: Entire cruise track of R
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At end of the leg pressure rising b
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The temperatures during the cruise
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Most frequent wind direction was so
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A. 3.1 High resolution seabed mappi
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On the other hand, the accuracy of
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The sampling campaign was also unde
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Hydrosweep DS2 is installed onboard
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Fig. A4.2-2: Normalized backscatter
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In addition to the micro bathymetry
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ackscatter value of -37.0dB, -38.9d
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athymetry and angular backscatter d
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A. 4.3 Sedimentary and hydrodynamic
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glacial periods. There is also evid
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Fig. A4.3.2-2: Visualisation of dif
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It seems that all the mounds along
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Visible calcareous fauna removed (b
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Fig. A4.3.3-2 Location of SAMS Phot
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Box Core Sample Log Sheet Station N
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A. 4.3.4 Influence of mound topogra
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A. 4.3.5 Photo lander deployment on
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- UMI data logger controlling a tra
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Fig. A4.3.5-3. Close-up view of the
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Lineated features are present NE of
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CARACOLE Cruise Report 30/07/2001 (
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intermediate nepheloid layers (Dick
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Fig. A4.4.1-2. Location of main stu
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A. 4.4.3 Biogeoprocesses along the
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in the database with the exact posi
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The areas with significant benthic
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predators and strong bottom current
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faunal distribution. Palaentologica
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ocks predate the last glaciation, s
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A. 4.4.6 Biological and geological
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Hovland M, Croker PF, Martin M (199
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Live fauna Sediments Live fauna and
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sites can subsequently be transport
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4) The NSOW has similar water mass
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 P
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A. 4.8 Deep water coral ecology and
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and video observations made. On ret
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Fig. A4.8.2-2: This orange, planar
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Fig. A4.8.2-4: Feather-shaped alcyo
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Fig. A4.8.2-7: Top left) Yellow alc
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scour or demersal trawling. The gro
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survey at frequencies of 38, 70, 12
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"Belgica mounds" - Porcupine Seabig
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"Twin mounds" - Porcupine Bank 14°
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corals were alive, relatively abund
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Network Setup for Tests The setup f
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are only initial testings and much
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pressure produced as a consequence
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surrounded by elevated sediment fea
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B. 2 Microbathymetry on ROV "Victor
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Pitch correction Due to assembling
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Maps Complete area Håkon Mosby Mud
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B. 3 Geochemistry, geophysics and s
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Heat Flow HMMV 2m # # # # # # # # #
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Lat_dec. Lon_dec Name k T_0m PS64/s
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Temperature / Gravity Corer # GC9 #
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Table B3.2-1: Technical specificati
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Sound velocity: As the cores all co
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Fig. B3.3-1: Display of a 4 km long
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sediment cores varies between 166 t
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Fig. B3.4-1b: Lithological descript
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Fig. B3.4-1d: Lithological descript
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Fig. B3.4-1f: Lithological descript
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hydrotroilite and gas hydrate, this
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As an example, a echo sounder image
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B. 5 Biological investigations at t
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- How much methane is oxidized aero
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profiler). Bottom water samples hav
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the water column was measured using
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1 kg of tubeworms in wet weight. Th
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B. 5.2 Microscale analysis of the s
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Laboratory measurements Central sit
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O2, CO3-- (mM) Beggiatoa mats, 30/0
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Page 225 and 226: References Milkov, A., Vogt, P., Ch
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Page 263 and 264: Results A summary of the results is
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Page 283 and 284: - Molecular phylogeny and phylogeog
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Station Date Time PositionLat Posit
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E. Participating institutes / compa
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Acronym Participants iSiTEC GmbH IS
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F. Participants F. 1 Participants A
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F. 2 Participants ARK XIX/3b Armand
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F. 3 Participants ARK XIX/3c Bauerf
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Preface The expedition ARK XIX/3 with the German icebreaking RV ...

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