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3 IDENTIFYING HAZARDS TERMINOLOGY WAVE RUNUP is the rush of water up a slope or structure. WAVE RUNUP DEPTH at any point is equal to the maximum wave runup elevation minus the lowest eroded ground elevation at that point. WAVE RUNUP ELEVATION is the elevation reached by wave runup, referenced to NGVD or other datum. WAVE SETUP is an increase in the stillwater surface elevation near the shoreline, due to the presence of breaking waves. Wave setup typically adds 1.5 to 2.5 feet to the 100-year stillwater flood elevation. MEAN WATER ELEVATION is the sum of the stillwater elevation and wave setup. 3.6.7 Erosion Considerations and Flood Hazard Mapping Proper design requires two types of erosion to be considered: dune and bluff erosion during the base flood event, and long-term erosion. Newer FIRMs account for the former, but no FIRMs account for the latter. Dune/Bluff Erosion. Current FIS procedures account for the potential loss of protective dunes and bluffs during the 100-year flood. However, this factor was not considered in coastal FIRMs prepared prior to May 1988, which delineated Zone V without any consideration for storm-induced erosion. Zone V boundaries were drawn at the crest of the dune solely on the basis of the elevation of the ground and without regard for the erosion that would occur during a storm. Long-Term Erosion. Designers, property owners, and floodplain managers should be careful not to assume that flood hazard zones shown on FIRMs accurately reflect current flood hazards, especially if there has been a significant natural hazard event since the FIRM was published. For example, flood hazard restudies completed after Hurricane Opal (1995, Florida Panhandle) and Fran (1996, Topsail Island, NC) have produced FIRMs that are dramatically different from the FIRMs in effect prior to the hurricanes. Figure 3-57 provides an example of the effects of both dune erosion and long-term erosion changes. The figure compares pre- and post-storm FIRMs for Surf City, NC. The map changes are attributable to two factors: (1) pre-storm FIRMs did not show the effects of erosion that occurred after the FIRMs were published and did not meet technical standards currently in place, and (2) Hurricane Fran caused significant changes to the topography of the barrier island. Not all coastal FIRMs would be expected to undergo such drastic revisions after a flood restudy; however, many FIRMs may be in need of updating, and designers should be aware that FIRMs may not accurately reflect present flood hazards at a site. 3.6.8 Dune Erosion Procedures Current Zone V mapping procedures (FEMA 2003) require that a dune have a minimum frontal dune reservoir (dune cross-section above 100-year stillwater level and seaward of dune peak) of 540 square feet in order to be considered substantial enough to withstand erosion during a base flood event. According to FEMA procedures, a frontal dune reservoir less than 540 square feet will result in dune removal (dune disintegration), while a frontal dune reservoir greater than or equal to 540 square feet generally will result in dune retreat (see Figure 3-58). 3-62 COASTAL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL
IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Figure 3‐57. Portions of pre‐ and post‐ Hurricane Fran FIRMs for Surf City, NC Figure 3‐58. Current FEMA treatment of dune removal and dune retreat SOURCE: FEMA 2003 COASTAL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL 3-63
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Coastal Construction Manual Princip
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All illustrations in this document
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1 CHAPTER TITLE COASTAL CONSTRUCTIO
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CONTENTS Volume I 2.2.7 Pacific Coa
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CONTENTS Volume I Chapter 4. Siting
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CONTENTS Volume I List of Figures C
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CONTENTS Volume I Figure 3-11. Figu
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CONTENTS Volume I Figure 3-53. Typi
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CONTENTS Volume I List of Tables Ch
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1 INTRODUCTION International (BOCA)
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1 INTRODUCTION TERMINOLOGY: DESIGN
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1 INTRODUCTION be indicated once th
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1 INTRODUCTION systems, application
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1 INTRODUCTION Zone V. Portion of t
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 Figure 2-1
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 2.2.2 Mid-
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 of continu
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 High winds
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 2.2.8 Hawa
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 1. Waves 1
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 access. Th
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 Foundation
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 corrosion
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 Failure to
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 Two other
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 FEMA (Fede
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 few thousandt
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Figure 3‐3.
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 shoreline are
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Table 3‐1.
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Page 131 and 132: IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Jarrell, J.D.
Page 133 and 134: 1 CHAPTER TITLE COASTAL CONSTRUCTIO
Page 135 and 136: SITING 4 4. Either proceed with the
Page 137 and 138: SITING 4 The geographic region or
Page 139 and 140: SITING 4 Table 4‐1. General Infor
Page 141 and 142: SITING 4 In the absence of current
Page 143 and 144: SITING 4 information should be comb
Page 145 and 146: SITING 4 evaluate a site for its su
Page 147 and 148: SITING 4 Table 4‐2. Planning and
Page 149 and 150: SITING 4 Figure 4‐13. Comparison
Page 151 and 152: SITING 4 Figure 4‐15. Problematic
Page 153 and 154: SITING 4 Figure 4‐18. Coastal lot
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Page 159 and 160: SITING 4 Figure 4‐24. Beach erosi
Page 161 and 162: SITING 4 The projects can provide p
Page 163 and 164: SITING 4 Tuttle, D. 1987. “A Smal
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5 INVESTIGATING REGULATORY REQUIREM
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5-22 COASTAL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL Ta
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FUNDAMENTALS OF RISK ANALYSIS AND R
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ACRONYMS Volume I CFR CRS CZM CZMA
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ACRONYMS Volume I NAVD NBC NEHRP NF
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Volume I GLOSSARY Coastal A Zone -
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Volume I GLOSSARY DFE is identical
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Volume I GLOSSARY Flood Insurance S
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Volume I GLOSSARY Interior mechanic
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Volume I GLOSSARY Metal roof panel
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Volume I GLOSSARY Pressure-treated
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Volume I GLOSSARY the installation
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Volume I GLOSSARY V Variance - Unde
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Volume I INDEX Coastal A Zone, 1-10
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Volume I INDEX Effects of shore pro
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Volume I INDEX Siting consideration
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Volume I INDEX Coastal A Zone) Term
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Volume I INDEX Channelized flow, 3-
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Volume I INDEX U Uplift (land) (see
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FEMA P-55 Catalog No. 08352-1
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