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2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Minsinger, W.E. 1988. The 1938 Hurricane, An Historical and Pictorial Summary. Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, East Milton, MA. Greenhills Books, Randolph Center, VT. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems. 1984. Hurricane Alicia, Galveston and Houston, Texas, August 17–18, 1983. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2004. Effects of Hurricane Isabel on Water Levels: Data Report. NOS CO-OPS 040. National Roofing Contractors Association. 1996. Hurricane Marilyn, Photo Report of Roof Performance. Prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. March. RMS (Risk Management Solutions). 2001. Tropical Storm Allison, June 2001: RMS Event Report. Thom, H. C. S.; R. D. Marshall. 1971. “Wind and Surge Damage due to Hurricane Camille.” ASCE Journal of Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division. May. pp. 355–363. TTU (Texas Tech University). 1990. Performance of roofing systems in Hurricane Hugo. August. URS Group, Inc. (URS). 1989. Flood Damage Assessment Report: Sandbridge Beach, Virginia, and Nags Head, North Carolina, April 13, 1988, Northeaster. Prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. March. URS. 1990. Flood Damage Assessment Report: Nags Head, North Carolina, Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, and Sandbridge Beach, Virginia, March 6–10, 1989, Northeaster. Prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. April. URS. 1991a. Flood Damage Assessment Report: Surfside Beach to Folly Island, South Carolina, Hurricane Hugo, September 21–22, 1989. Volume I. Prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. August. URS. 1991b. Follow-Up Investigation Report: Repair Efforts 9 Months After Hurricane Hugo, Surfside Beach to Folly Island, South Carolina. Volume I. Prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. August. URS. 1991c. Flood Damage Assessment Report: Buzzard’s Bay Area, Massachusetts, Hurricane Bob, August 19, 1991. October. USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). 1997. “Annual Summary.” Great Lakes Update. Vol. No. 126. Detroit, MI: Detroit District. January 3. USACE. 1998. “Annual Summary.” Great Lakes Update. Detroit, MI: Detroit District. Waldon, D. 1990. “Raising Galveston.” American Heritage of Invention and Technology. Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 8–18. Wilson, B. W. and A. Torum. 1968. The Tsunami of the Alaskan Earthquake, 1964: Engineering Evaluation. Technical Memorandum No. 25. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center. York, Michael. “Deadly Hugo Slams Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands.” Washington Post. September 19, 1989. 2-32 COASTAL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL
1 CHAPTER TITLE COASTAL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL 3Identifying Hazards Buildings constructed in coastal areas are subject to natural hazards. The most significant natural hazards that affect the coastlines of the United States and territories can be divided into four general categories: Coastal flooding (including waves) Erosion High winds Earthquakes This chapter addresses each of these categories, as well as other hazards and environmental effects, but focuses on flooding and erosion (Sections 3.4 and 3.5). These two hazards are among the least understood and the least discussed in design and construction documents. Designers have numerous resources available that discuss wind and seismic hazards in detail, so they will be dealt with in less detail here. In order to construct buildings to resist these natural hazards and reduce existing buildings’ vulnerability to such hazards, proper planning, siting, design, and construction are critical and require an understanding of the coastal environment, including coastal geology, coastal processes, regional variations in coastline characteristics, and coastal sediment budgets. Proper siting and design also require accurately assessing the CROSS REFERENCE For resources that augment the guidance and other information in this Manual, see the Residential Coastal Construction Web site (http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/ mat/fema55.shtm). WARNING Natural hazards can act individually, but often act in combination (e.g., high winds and coastal flooding, coastal flooding and erosion, etc.). Long-term changes in underlying conditions—such as sea level rise—can magnify the adverse effects of some of these hazards. For more information on load combinations, see Chapter 8. COASTAL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL 3-1
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Coastal Construction Manual Princip
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All illustrations in this document
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1 CHAPTER TITLE COASTAL CONSTRUCTIO
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CONTENTS Volume I 2.2.7 Pacific Coa
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 3.5.2.5 Local
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Figure 3‐50
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 3.6.2 Flood I
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Building code
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 For a coastal
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 3.7.1 Determi
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 A USACE Engin
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 In 2007, FEM
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Jarrell, J.D.
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SITING 4 4. Either proceed with the
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SITING 4 The geographic region or
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SITING 4 Table 4‐1. General Infor
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SITING 4 In the absence of current
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SITING 4 information should be comb
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SITING 4 evaluate a site for its su
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SITING 4 Table 4‐2. Planning and
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SITING 4 Figure 4‐13. Comparison
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SITING 4 Figure 4‐15. Problematic
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SITING 4 Figure 4‐18. Coastal lot
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SITING 4 Figure 4‐20. Three 2-yea
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SITING 4 4.6.1 Building on Lots Clo
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SITING 4 Figure 4‐24. Beach erosi
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SITING 4 The projects can provide p
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SITING 4 Tuttle, D. 1987. “A Smal
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5 INVESTIGATING REGULATORY REQUIREM
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5-22 COASTAL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL Ta
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FUNDAMENTALS OF RISK ANALYSIS AND R
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ACRONYMS Volume I CFR CRS CZM CZMA
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ACRONYMS Volume I NAVD NBC NEHRP NF
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Volume I GLOSSARY Coastal A Zone -
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Volume I GLOSSARY DFE is identical
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Volume I GLOSSARY Flood Insurance S
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Volume I GLOSSARY Interior mechanic
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Volume I GLOSSARY Metal roof panel
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Volume I GLOSSARY Pressure-treated
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Volume I GLOSSARY the installation
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Volume I GLOSSARY V Variance - Unde
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Volume I INDEX Coastal A Zone, 1-10
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Volume I INDEX Effects of shore pro
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Volume I INDEX Siting consideration
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Volume I INDEX Coastal A Zone) Term
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Volume I INDEX Channelized flow, 3-
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Volume I INDEX U Uplift (land) (see
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FEMA P-55 Catalog No. 08352-1
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