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3 IDENTIFYING HAZARDS Factors affecting the rate of corrosion include humidity, wind direction and speed, seasonal wave conditions, distance from the shoreline, elevation above the ground, orientation of the building to the shoreline, rinsing by rainfall, shelter and air flow in and around the building, and the component materials. Wood decay is most commonly caused by moisture. Moisturerelated decay is prevalent in all coastal areas—it is not exclusive to buildings near the shoreline. Protection against moisturerelated decay can be accomplished by one or more of the CROSS REFERENCE See FEMA Technical Bulletin 8, Corrosion Protection for Metal Connectors in Coastal Areas (1996), for more information about corrosion and corrosionresistant connectors. following: use of preservative-treated or naturally durable wood, proper detailing of wood joints to eliminate standing water, avoidance of cavity wall systems, and proper installation of water-resistive barriers. Sunlight, aging, insects, chemicals, and temperature can also lead to decay. FEMA P-499 Fact Sheet 1.7, Coastal Building Materials, has more information on the use of materials to resist corrosion, moisture, and decay (FEMA 2010). 3.3.4.4 Rain Rain presents two principal hazards to coastal residential construction: Penetration of the building envelope during high-wind events (see Section 3.3.1.2) Vertical loads due to rainfall ponding on the roof Ponding usually occurs on flat or low-slope roofs where a parapet or other building element causes rainfall to accumulate, and where the roof drainage system fails. Every inch of accumulated rainfall causes a downwarddirected load of approximately 5 pounds per square foot. Excessive accumulation can lead to progressive deflection and instability of roof trusses and supports. 3.3.4.5 Hail Hailstorms develop from severe thunderstorms, and generate balls or lumps of ice capable of damaging agricultural crops, buildings, and vehicles. Severe hailstorms can damage roofing shingles and tiles, metal roofs, roof sheathing, skylights, glazing, and other building components. Accumulation of hail on flat or lowslope roofs, like the accumulation of rainfall, can lead to significant vertical loads and progressive deflection of roof trusses and supports. 3.3.4.6 Termites Infestation by termites is common in coastal areas subject to high humidity and frequent and heavy rains. Improper preservative treatments, improper design and construction, and even poor landscaping practices, can all contribute to infestation problems. The IRC includes a termite infestation probability map, which shows that most coastal areas have a moderate to very heavy probability of infestation (ICC 2012b). Protection against termites can be accomplished by one or more of the following: use of preservative-treated wood products (including field treatment of notches, holes, and cut ends), use of naturally termite-resistant wood species, chemical soil treatment, and installation of physical barriers to termites (e.g., metal or plastic termite shields). 3-26 COASTAL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL
IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 3.3.4.7 Wildfire Wildfires can occur virtually everywhere in the United States and can threaten buildings constructed in coastal areas. Topography, the availability of vegetative fuel, and weather are the three principal factors that influence wildfire hazards. FEMA has produced several reports discussing the reduction of the wildfire hazard and the vulnerability of structures to wildfire hazards, including Wildfire Mitigation in the 1998 Florida Wildfires (FEMA 1998) and FEMA P-737, Home Builder’s Guide to Construction in Wildfire Zones (FEMA 2008b). Some communities have adopted the International Wildland-Urban Interface Code (ICC 2012c), which includes provisions that address the spread of fire and defensible space for buildings constructed near wildland areas. Experience with wildfires has shown that the use of fire-rated roof assemblies is one of the most effective methods of preventing loss of buildings to wildfire. Experience has also shown that replacing highly flammable vegetation around buildings with minimally flammable vegetation is also an effective way of reducing possible wildfire damage. Clearing vegetation around some buildings may be appropriate, but this action can lead to slope instability and landslide failures on steeply sloping land. Siting and construction on steep slopes requires careful consideration of multiple hazards with sometimes conflicting requirements. 3.3.4.8 Floating Ice Some coastal areas of the United States are vulnerable to problems caused by floating ice. These problems can take the form of erosion and gouging of coastal shorelines, flooding due to ice jams, and lateral and vertical ice loads on shore protection structures and coastal buildings. On the other hand, the presence of floating ice along some shorelines reduces erosion from winter storms and wave effects. Designers should investigate potential adverse and beneficial effects of floating ice in the vicinity of their building site. Although this Manual does not discuss these issues in detail, additional information can be found in Caldwell and Crissman (1983), Chen and Leidersdorf (1988), and USACE (2002). 3.3.4.9 Snow The principal hazard associated with snow is its accumulation on roofs and the subsequent deflection and potential failure of roof trusses and supports. Calculation of snow loads is more complicated than rain loads, because snow can drift and be distributed non-uniformly across a roof. Drainage of trapped and melted snow, like the drainage of rain water, must be addressed by the designer. In addition, particularly in northern climates such as New England and the Great Lakes, melting snow can result in ice dams. Ice dams can cause damage to roof coverings, drip edges, gutters, and other elements along eaves, leaving them more susceptible to future wind damage. 3.3.4.10 Atmospheric Ice Ice can sometimes form on structures as a result of certain atmospheric conditions or processes (e.g., freezing rain or drizzle or in-cloud icing—accumulation of ice as supercooled clouds or fog comes into contact with a structure). The formation and CROSS REFERENCE Chapter 7 of ASCE 7 includes maps and equations for calculating snow loads. It also includes provisions for additional loads due to ice dams (ASCE 2010). CROSS REFERENCE State CZM programs (see Section 5.6, in Chapter 5) are a good source of hazard information, vulnerability analyses, mitigation plans, and other information about coastal hazards. COASTAL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL 3-27
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Coastal Construction Manual Princip
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All illustrations in this document
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1 CHAPTER TITLE COASTAL CONSTRUCTIO
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CONTENTS Volume I 2.2.7 Pacific Coa
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CONTENTS Volume I Chapter 4. Siting
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CONTENTS Volume I List of Figures C
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CONTENTS Volume I Figure 3-11. Figu
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CONTENTS Volume I Figure 3-53. Typi
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CONTENTS Volume I List of Tables Ch
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1 INTRODUCTION International (BOCA)
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1 INTRODUCTION TERMINOLOGY: DESIGN
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1 INTRODUCTION be indicated once th
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1 INTRODUCTION systems, application
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1 INTRODUCTION Zone V. Portion of t
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 Figure 2-1
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 Figure 2-1
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SITING 4 The geographic region or
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SITING 4 Table 4‐1. General Infor
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SITING 4 In the absence of current
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SITING 4 information should be comb
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SITING 4 evaluate a site for its su
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SITING 4 Table 4‐2. Planning and
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SITING 4 Figure 4‐13. Comparison
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SITING 4 Figure 4‐15. Problematic
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SITING 4 Figure 4‐18. Coastal lot
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SITING 4 Figure 4‐20. Three 2-yea
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SITING 4 4.6.1 Building on Lots Clo
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SITING 4 Figure 4‐24. Beach erosi
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SITING 4 The projects can provide p
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SITING 4 Tuttle, D. 1987. “A Smal
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5 INVESTIGATING REGULATORY REQUIREM
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FUNDAMENTALS OF RISK ANALYSIS AND R
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ACRONYMS Volume I CFR CRS CZM CZMA
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ACRONYMS Volume I NAVD NBC NEHRP NF
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Volume I GLOSSARY Coastal A Zone -
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Volume I GLOSSARY DFE is identical
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Volume I GLOSSARY Flood Insurance S
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Volume I GLOSSARY Interior mechanic
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Volume I GLOSSARY Metal roof panel
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Volume I GLOSSARY Pressure-treated
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Volume I GLOSSARY the installation
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Volume I GLOSSARY V Variance - Unde
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Volume I INDEX Coastal A Zone, 1-10
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Volume I INDEX Effects of shore pro
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Volume I INDEX Siting consideration
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Volume I INDEX Coastal A Zone) Term
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Volume I INDEX Channelized flow, 3-
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Volume I INDEX U Uplift (land) (see
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FEMA P-55 Catalog No. 08352-1
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