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4 SITING Figure 4‐25. (below) Notching the building and roofline around a tree can lead to roof and envelope damage during a highwind event 4.7 Influence of Beach Nourishment and Dune Restoration on Siting Decisions Beach nourishment can be a means of mitigating potential adverse effects of shore protection structures. Beach nourishment and dune restoration can also be carried out alone, as a way of replacing beach or dune sediments already lost to erosion or of providing nourishment in anticipation of future erosion (<strong>National</strong> Research Council 1995). Beach nourishment projects typically involve dredging or excavating hundreds of thousands to millions of cubic yards of sediment, and placing it along the shoreline. Beach nourishment projects are preferred over hardened erosion control structures by many States and communities, largely because the projects add sediment to the littoral system and provide recreational beach space. The longevity of a beach nourishment project depends upon several factors: project length, project volume, native beach and borrow site sediment characteristics, background erosion rate, and the incidence and severity of storms following project implementation. Thus, most projects are designed to include an initial beach nourishment phase, followed by periodic maintenance nourishment (usually at an interval of 5 to 10 years). WARNING Beach nourishment and dune restoration projects are temporary. Although they can mitigate some storm and erosion effects, their presence should not be a substitute for sound siting, design, and construction practices. 4-28 COASTAL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL
SITING 4 The projects can provide protection against erosion and storm effects, but future protection is tied to a community’s commitment to future maintenance efforts. Beach nourishment projects are expensive and often controversial (the controversy usually arises over environmental concerns and the use of public monies to fund the projects). That controversy is beyond the scope of this <strong>Manual</strong>, but planning and construction of these projects can take years to carry out, and economic considerations usually restrict their use to densely populated shorelines. Therefore, as a general practice, designers and owners should not rely upon future beach nourishment to compensate for poor siting decisions. As a practical matter, however, beach nourishment is the only viable option available to large, highly developed coastal communities, where both inland protection and preservation of the recreational beach are vital. Beach nourishment programs are ongoing in many of these communities and infill development and redevelopment continue landward of nourished beaches. Although nourishment programs reduce potential storm and erosion damage to inland development, they do not eliminate all damage, and sound siting, design, and construction practices must be followed. Dune restoration projects typically involve placement of hundreds to tens of thousands of cubic yards of sediment along an existing or damaged dune. The projects can be carried out in concert with beach nourishment, or alone. Smaller projects may fill in gaps or blowouts caused by pedestrian traffic or minor storms, while large projects may reconstruct entire dune systems. Dune restoration projects are often accompanied by dune revegetation efforts in which native dune grasses or ground covers are planted to stabilize the dune against windblown erosion, and to trap additional windblown sediment. WARNING Although dune vegetation serves many valuable functions, such as stabilizing existing dunes and building new dunes, it is not very resistant to coastal flood and erosion forces. The success of dune restoration and revegetation projects depends largely on the condition of the beach waterward of the dune. Property owners and designers are cautioned that the protection provided by dune restoration and revegetation projects along an eroding shoreline is short-lived—without a protective beach, high tides, high water levels, and minor storms will erode the dune and wash out most of the planted vegetation. In some instances, new buildings have been sited such that there is not sufficient space waterward to construct and maintain a viable dune. In many instances, erosion has placed existing development in the same situation. A dune restoration project waterward of such structures will not be effective and therefore, those buildings in greatest need of protection will receive the least protection. Hence, as in the case of beach nourishment, dune restoration and revegetation should not be used as a substitute for proper siting, design, and construction practices. COASTAL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL 4-29
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Coastal Construction Manual Princip
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All illustrations in this document
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1 CHAPTER TITLE COASTAL CONSTRUCTIO
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CONTENTS Volume I 2.2.7 Pacific Coa
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CONTENTS Volume I Chapter 4. Siting
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CONTENTS Volume I List of Figures C
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CONTENTS Volume I Figure 3-11. Figu
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CONTENTS Volume I Figure 3-53. Typi
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CONTENTS Volume I List of Tables Ch
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1 INTRODUCTION International (BOCA)
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1 INTRODUCTION TERMINOLOGY: DESIGN
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1 INTRODUCTION be indicated once th
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1 INTRODUCTION systems, application
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1 INTRODUCTION Zone V. Portion of t
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 Figure 2-1
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 2.2.2 Mid-
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 of continu
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 High winds
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 2.2.8 Hawa
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 1. Waves 1
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 access. Th
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 Foundation
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 corrosion
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 Failure to
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 Two other
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 FEMA (Fede
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 few thousandt
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Figure 3‐3.
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 shoreline are
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Table 3‐1.
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Coastal storm
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Figure 3‐7.
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Figure 3‐11
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Hardened buil
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 non-ductile c
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 the other haz
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Land uplift i
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 3.3.4.7 Wildf
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 3.4.3 Waves W
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 3.4.4 Flood
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 one of erosio
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Erosion durin
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 of the inlet
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 3.5.2.3 Erosi
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Page 131 and 132: IDENTIFYING HAZARDS 3 Jarrell, J.D.
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Page 135 and 136: SITING 4 4. Either proceed with the
Page 137 and 138: SITING 4 The geographic region or
Page 139 and 140: SITING 4 Table 4‐1. General Infor
Page 141 and 142: SITING 4 In the absence of current
Page 143 and 144: SITING 4 information should be comb
Page 145 and 146: SITING 4 evaluate a site for its su
Page 147 and 148: SITING 4 Table 4‐2. Planning and
Page 149 and 150: SITING 4 Figure 4‐13. Comparison
Page 151 and 152: SITING 4 Figure 4‐15. Problematic
Page 153 and 154: SITING 4 Figure 4‐18. Coastal lot
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Page 201 and 202: FUNDAMENTALS OF RISK ANALYSIS AND R
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FUNDAMENTALS OF RISK ANALYSIS AND R
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ACRONYMS Volume I CFR CRS CZM CZMA
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ACRONYMS Volume I NAVD NBC NEHRP NF
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Volume I GLOSSARY Coastal A Zone -
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Volume I GLOSSARY DFE is identical
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Volume I GLOSSARY Flood Insurance S
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Volume I GLOSSARY Interior mechanic
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Volume I GLOSSARY Metal roof panel
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Volume I GLOSSARY Pressure-treated
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Volume I GLOSSARY the installation
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Volume I GLOSSARY V Variance - Unde
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Volume I INDEX Coastal A Zone, 1-10
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Volume I INDEX Effects of shore pro
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Volume I INDEX Siting consideration
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Volume I INDEX Coastal A Zone) Term
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Volume I INDEX Channelized flow, 3-
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Volume I INDEX U Uplift (land) (see
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FEMA P-55 Catalog No. 08352-1
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