Experimental Study of Biodegradation of Ethanol and Toluene Vapors

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1 C-mole precursors + K ATP 1 C-mole biomass (5-1) in which adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an energy-rich compound, acts as a phosphate carrier and transfers energy between reactions. Thus, the amount of ATP needed for the formation of 1 C-mol biomass from precursors is represented by the variable K. Biomass Eq.5-3 Eq.5-5 Ethanol Acetaldehyde CO 2 Eq.5-6 Acetic acid ATP Eq.5-7 Acetyl-CoA Eq.5-8 O 2 Eq.5-11 NADH 2 TCA H 2 O Figure 5.1 Hypothesized Metabolic Pathways for Ethanol Bioremediation (“ “ indicates the conversion or transport of compounds; “ “ indicates the transport of energy ATP) A quantity of ATP is also required for biomass maintenance. This process will be assumed to be first order (Roels, 1983) with respect to biomass. The term, the specific ATP consumption (mol-ATP/C-mol.h) due to the maintenance activities: r m ATP = mATP Cx (5-2) m ATP , is 82
The stoichiometry of the biomass synthesis from ethanol can be expressed in 1 C-mol of biomass formed as: - .27CH O − 0.2NH − α E ATP − 0.305H O 1. 81NAD 1 3 0.5 3 1 2 − + CH O N + .27CO + 1.81NADH + α ADP 0 (5-3) 1 .4 0.4 0.2 0 2 2 1E = Where CH is the expression of 1-C-mol of ethanol ( H O ), while 3O 0.5 C 2 6 CH 1.4 O 0.4 N 0. 2 is the expression of 1 C-mol of biomass (C5H 7 O 2 N). The biomass composition (C 5 H 7 O 2 N) is based on the formula proposed by McCarty (1975) and was used by Brown (2000) for the composition of Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 23973). In Equation 5-3, α 1E represents the amount of ATP used in the biomass synthesis reactions and is given by: mATP α1 E = K + when μ > 0 (5-4) μ in which μ is the specific biomass growth rate (h -1 ) and m ATP /μ is the amount of ATP consumed by the biomass maintenance processes (Roels, 1983). In this equation, NADH 2 stands for reducing equivalents in the form of NADH 2 or any other equivalent form of metabolic reductant. (2) Catabolism of Ethanol The catabolic pathways supply the required ATP and NADH for biomass synthesis. Reactions (5-5) – (5-10) summarize the overall stoichiometry for the catabolic pathways. Initially, ethanol is oxidized by dehydrogenases to form an aldehyde (Equation 5-5), then to acetic acid (Equation 5-6), which can be metabolized to acetyl-CoA through the beta-oxidation pathway with consumption of ATP (Equation 83
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BIOREMEDIATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC
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ABSTRACT The mass transfer of ethan
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effect on the growth of P. putida.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT Of the countless peo
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PERMISSION TO USE
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4.3 Batch Growth on Ethanol and Ben
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3-1. Schemat
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Figure 5.3 (b) Simulation of ethano
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Figure 5-16. Continuous removal of
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NOMENCLATURE a - Interfacial area,
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CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Air
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esults (van Groenestijn and Hesseli
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experimental results are presented
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Table 2.2 VOC Emissions in the U.S.
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(paint shop effluents, for instance
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combustion provides 70 to 90% air p
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used to degrade ethanol vapours and
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g m -3 . This would suggest that th
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treatment, This excessive biomass f
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The simultaneous degradation of tol
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emoves only water-soluble gases. Wa
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2.2.6 Pseudomonas It is well known
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2.3.2 Growth Models with Inhibition
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where µ is the total specific grow
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2.4.1 Batch Reactor In a batch reac
Page 51 and 52: discharged from the other end. The
Page 53 and 54: element solution consisted of (gram
Page 55 and 56: growth on ethanol, 20-48 hours for
Page 57 and 58: Gas phase samples of toluene were c
Page 59 and 60: Inlet sampler Exit sampler To fume
Page 61 and 62: Once the oxygen meter indicated a s
Page 63 and 64: centrifuged and the supernatant was
Page 65 and 66: where k L a is the volumetric mass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4-2a shows ethanol liquid co
Page 69 and 70: coefficient (k L a) in the well-mix
Page 71 and 72: calculated by dividing the gas volu
Page 73 and 74: Average bubble diameter, mm 8 7 6 5
Page 75 and 76: Bioflow III bioreactor. Equation (4
Page 77 and 78: 3.5 y=Ln(S0/S) 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 y = 12
Page 79 and 80: Ethanol and biomass concentration,
Page 81 and 82: 4.3.2 Batch Growth on Benzyl Alcoho
Page 83 and 84: Biomass and benzyl alcohol concentr
Page 85 and 86: ethanol loading was beyond the maxi
Page 87 and 88: Table 4-2. Comparison of bioremedia
Page 89 and 90: Biomass, benzyl alcohol and toluene
Page 91 and 92: 4.4.3 Toluene-ethanol Bioremediatio
Page 93 and 94: Substrate and biomass concentration
Page 95 and 96: Biomass and benzyl alcohol concentr
Page 97 and 98: Biomass and benzoic acid concentrat
Page 99 and 100: ethanol. These results clearly indi
Page 101: CHAPTER FIVE - MATHEMATICAL MODELIN
Page 105 and 106: synthesis and in the ethanol catabo
Page 107 and 108: 1 max Y ex = − 0.635 + 2δ + K 3
Page 109 and 110: Biomass Eq.5-18 Benzyl Alcohol Eq.5
Page 111 and 112: r x r N -1.27 -1 0 1 0 0 -0.2 0 0 2
Page 113 and 114: φ = −θ b ⋅ν (5-31) φ b = 1.
Page 115 and 116: The data sets used to evaluate the
Page 117 and 118: Figures 5.4a and 5.4b present 95% c
Page 119 and 120: Ethanol and biomass concentration (
Page 121 and 122: Ethanol measured (C-mol/L) 0.3 0.25
Page 123 and 124: Figures 5.5 (a-d) demonstrate the s
Page 125 and 126: Benzyl alcohol and biomass concentr
Page 127 and 128: Benzyl alcohol measured (C-mol/L) 0
Page 129 and 130: x = 5 ∑ i= 1 x N i (5-40) where x
Page 131 and 132: ethanol in a steady state mode is l
Page 133 and 134: where ν 1 , ν 2 , ν 3, ν 4 are
Page 135 and 136: Biomass concentration, g/L 1.5 1 0.
Page 137 and 138: φ T =ν 4 (5-53b) φx = −ν 1 (5
Page 139 and 140: In this study, a metabolic model ha
Page 141 and 142: Equations (5-34) and (5-35) and the
Page 143 and 144: ATP 1 = Y max ATP r x + m ATP ⋅ C
Page 145 and 146: Ethanol, biomass and ammonium conce
Page 147 and 148: Figure 5-13a shows that the lower t
Page 149 and 150: Biomass, substrate concentrations,
Page 151 and 152: C e DKe = (5-63) μ − D m Equatio
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corresponds with the value associat
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Biomass and ethanol concentrations
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than 4.0 mg/L at all dilution rates
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Biomass, benzyl alcohol and ammonia
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negligible ( y out , e = 0) , and e
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Figure 5-17 shows the results at a
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Biomass Concentrations, g/L 3.5 3 2
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C x ( 1 max Q max = ⋅{ D( Cb0 −
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1.2 g/L, the system could not be op
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The continuous models can capture a
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• Air stripping coefficients obta
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Toluene acts as an inhibitor on the
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Bruining, W. J., G. E. H. Joosten,
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Falatko, D. M., and J. T. Novak, 19
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Keuning, S., and D. Jager, 1994.
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Orshansky, F., and N. Narkis, 1997.
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Togna, A. P, M. Singh, 1994. “Bio
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APPENDIX A. Important Metabolic Pat
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III. Toluene Pathway (Adapted from
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Appendix B. Calibration Procedure a
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Figure B-2. Pseudomonas putida (ATC
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Appendix B-3. Calibration of Chemic
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Appendix B-4. Calibration of Toluen
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Appendix C. Experimental Results: A
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Probe response time, s 12 10 8 6 4
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Appendix C-2. Fed-batch Operation B
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Appendix D: Mathematical Solutions
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The microscopic model allows the fo
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13δ Y o , = 0.585 2 x = (D-24) (8K
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2 σ = −1.3E − 06 (E-11) Y xe Y
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Biomass, ethanol, and acetic acid c
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Experimental Study of Biodegradation of Ethanol and Toluene Vapors

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