Experimental Study of Biodegradation of Ethanol and Toluene Vapors

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2.4.1 Batch Reactor………………………………………….29 2.4.2 Fedbatch Reactors……………………………………..29 2.4.3 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)…………….30 2.4.4 Plug Flow Reactor……………………………………..31 2.4.5 Reactors for Biochemical Processes (Bioreactors)…….31 CHAPTER THREE – EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 3.1 Microorganisms and Chemicals ……………………………….32 3.1.1 Microorganism and Medium…………………………..32 3.1.2 Organic Chemicals…………………………………….33 3.2 Growth of Microorganisms……………………………………..33 3.2.1 Shake flask…………………………………………….33 3.2.2 Agar Plates…………………………………………….34 3.2.3 Inoculum………………………………………………34 3.3 Analytical Methods……………………………………………...35 3.3.1 Measurement of Biomass Concentration……………...35 3.3.2 Analyses of Organic Chemicals ………………………36 3.3.3 GC-MS Analysis………………………………………37 3.4 Experimental Procedures ………………………………………38 3.4.1 Mass Transfer ………………………………………38 3.4.1.1 Mass Transfer of Ethanol and Toluene……...40 3.4.1.2 Effect of Ethanol Addition on Oxygen Mass Transfer………………………40 3.4.2 Air Stripping ………………………………………….41 3.4.3 Batch Growth………………………………………….42 3.4.4 Continuous Bioremediation in a CSTR ………………43 CHAPTER FOUR – EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Mass Transfer…………………………………………………...44 4.1.1 Mass Transfer of Ethanol and Toluene ……………….44 4.1.2 Oxygen Mass Transfer………………………………...48 4.2 Air Stripping…………………………………………………….54 ix
4.3 Batch Growth on Ethanol and Benzyl Alcohol ………………58 4.3.1 Batch Growth on Ethanol……………………………..58 4.3.2 Batch Growth on Benzyl Alcohol……………………..61 4.4 Continuous Bioremediation……………………………………..64 4.4.1 Ethanol Bioremediation ………………………………64 4.4.2 Toluene Bioremediation ………………………………67 4.4.3 Toluene-ethanol Bioremediation………………………71 4.4.4 Toluene-benzyl alcohol Bioremediation………………73 4.5 Conclusions of Experimental Studies …………………………78 CHAPTER FIVE – MATHEMATICAL MODELING 5.1 Model for Ethanol Bioremediation……………………………...80 5.1.1 Metabolic Equations…………………………………..80 5.1.2 Mathematical Modeling ………………………………84 5.2 Model for Benzyl Alcohol Bioremediation……………………..87 5.2.1 Metabolic Equations…………………………………..87 5.2.2 Mathematical Modeling ………………………………89 5.3 Estimation of Parameters ………………………………………92 5.3.1 Estimation of Parameters from Batch Growth Results..92 5.3.2 Parameter Uncertainty Analysis………………………107 5.4 Modeling of Continuous Bioremediation ………………………109 5.4.1 Modeling of Continuous Ethanol Bioremediation at Steady State ………………………………………109 5.4.2 Modeling of Continuous Bioremediation of Ethanol and Toluene Mixtures at Steady State………………110 5.4.3 Modeling of Mixed Toluene and Benzyl Alcohol Bioremediation at Steady State………………………114 5.5 Theoretical Prediction of Batch Growth………………………...118 5.5.1 Prediction of Batch Growth on Ethanol ………………118 5.5.2 Prediction of Batch Growth on Benzyl Alcohol………124 5.6 Theoretical Prediction of Continuous Operations ………………129 x
Page 1 and 2: BIOREMEDIATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT The mass transfer of ethan
Page 5 and 6: effect on the growth of P. putida.
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGMENT Of the countless peo
Page 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS PERMISSION TO USE
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3-1. Schemat
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.3 (b) Simulation of ethano
Page 17 and 18: Figure 5-16. Continuous removal of
Page 19 and 20: NOMENCLATURE a - Interfacial area,
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Air
Page 23 and 24: esults (van Groenestijn and Hesseli
Page 25 and 26: experimental results are presented
Page 27 and 28: Table 2.2 VOC Emissions in the U.S.
Page 29 and 30: (paint shop effluents, for instance
Page 31 and 32: combustion provides 70 to 90% air p
Page 33 and 34: used to degrade ethanol vapours and
Page 35 and 36: g m -3 . This would suggest that th
Page 37 and 38: treatment, This excessive biomass f
Page 39 and 40: The simultaneous degradation of tol
Page 41 and 42: emoves only water-soluble gases. Wa
Page 43 and 44: 2.2.6 Pseudomonas It is well known
Page 45 and 46: 2.3.2 Growth Models with Inhibition
Page 47 and 48: where µ is the total specific grow
Page 49 and 50: 2.4.1 Batch Reactor In a batch reac
Page 51 and 52: discharged from the other end. The
Page 53 and 54: element solution consisted of (gram
Page 55 and 56: growth on ethanol, 20-48 hours for
Page 57 and 58: Gas phase samples of toluene were c
Page 59 and 60: Inlet sampler Exit sampler To fume
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Once the oxygen meter indicated a s
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centrifuged and the supernatant was
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where k L a is the volumetric mass
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Figure 4-2a shows ethanol liquid co
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coefficient (k L a) in the well-mix
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calculated by dividing the gas volu
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Average bubble diameter, mm 8 7 6 5
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Bioflow III bioreactor. Equation (4
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3.5 y=Ln(S0/S) 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 y = 12
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Ethanol and biomass concentration,
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4.3.2 Batch Growth on Benzyl Alcoho
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Biomass and benzyl alcohol concentr
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ethanol loading was beyond the maxi
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Table 4-2. Comparison of bioremedia
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Biomass, benzyl alcohol and toluene
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4.4.3 Toluene-ethanol Bioremediatio
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Substrate and biomass concentration
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Biomass and benzyl alcohol concentr
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Biomass and benzoic acid concentrat
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ethanol. These results clearly indi
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CHAPTER FIVE - MATHEMATICAL MODELIN
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The stoichiometry of the biomass sy
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synthesis and in the ethanol catabo
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1 max Y ex = − 0.635 + 2δ + K 3
Page 109 and 110:
Biomass Eq.5-18 Benzyl Alcohol Eq.5
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r x r N -1.27 -1 0 1 0 0 -0.2 0 0 2
Page 113 and 114:
φ = −θ b ⋅ν (5-31) φ b = 1.
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The data sets used to evaluate the
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Figures 5.4a and 5.4b present 95% c
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Ethanol and biomass concentration (
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Ethanol measured (C-mol/L) 0.3 0.25
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Figures 5.5 (a-d) demonstrate the s
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Benzyl alcohol and biomass concentr
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Benzyl alcohol measured (C-mol/L) 0
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x = 5 ∑ i= 1 x N i (5-40) where x
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ethanol in a steady state mode is l
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where ν 1 , ν 2 , ν 3, ν 4 are
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Biomass concentration, g/L 1.5 1 0.
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φ T =ν 4 (5-53b) φx = −ν 1 (5
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In this study, a metabolic model ha
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Equations (5-34) and (5-35) and the
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ATP 1 = Y max ATP r x + m ATP ⋅ C
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Ethanol, biomass and ammonium conce
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Figure 5-13a shows that the lower t
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Biomass, substrate concentrations,
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C e DKe = (5-63) μ − D m Equatio
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corresponds with the value associat
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Biomass and ethanol concentrations
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than 4.0 mg/L at all dilution rates
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Biomass, benzyl alcohol and ammonia
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negligible ( y out , e = 0) , and e
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Figure 5-17 shows the results at a
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Biomass Concentrations, g/L 3.5 3 2
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C x ( 1 max Q max = ⋅{ D( Cb0 −
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1.2 g/L, the system could not be op
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The continuous models can capture a
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• Air stripping coefficients obta
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Toluene acts as an inhibitor on the
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Bruining, W. J., G. E. H. Joosten,
Page 179 and 180:
Falatko, D. M., and J. T. Novak, 19
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Keuning, S., and D. Jager, 1994.
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Orshansky, F., and N. Narkis, 1997.
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Togna, A. P, M. Singh, 1994. “Bio
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APPENDIX A. Important Metabolic Pat
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III. Toluene Pathway (Adapted from
Page 191 and 192:
Appendix B. Calibration Procedure a
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Figure B-2. Pseudomonas putida (ATC
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Appendix B-3. Calibration of Chemic
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Appendix B-4. Calibration of Toluen
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Appendix C. Experimental Results: A
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Probe response time, s 12 10 8 6 4
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Appendix C-2. Fed-batch Operation B
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Appendix D: Mathematical Solutions
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The microscopic model allows the fo
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13δ Y o , = 0.585 2 x = (D-24) (8K
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2 σ = −1.3E − 06 (E-11) Y xe Y
Page 213:
Biomass, ethanol, and acetic acid c
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Experimental Study of Biodegradation of Ethanol and Toluene Vapors

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