Experimental Study of Biodegradation of Ethanol and Toluene Vapors

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φ ⋅ Y + φ ⋅ Y = ( −φ ) + m C (5-48) e max ex T max tx x et x Coupling with the parameters obtained from Equations (5-38) and (5-39), the maximal yield coefficients of ethanol and toluene were found to be 0.59 and 0.41, respectively: max 3δ − 0.5 Y ex = = 0.59 (5-48a) K + 2δ − 0.635 and max 12δ Y tx = = 0.41 (5-48b) 7( K + 2δ − 0.635) In Equation (5-48), ( − F( C − C x x0 φ x ) = = V ) μC x , thus the concentration of biomass can be determined as: C x 1 max tx et = max ⋅ ( φe ⋅Yex + T ⋅Y ( μ + m ) φ ) (5-49) In Equation (5-49), Q( yin − yout ) F( Ce0 Ce ) φ − e = + , (5-49a) V V Q( yin, T − yout, T ) F( CT 0 − CT ) φ T = + , (5-49b) V V φe and φT can be then calculated from the measured data in the experimental studies. Coupling Equations (5-49), (5-49a) to (5-49b) with Equation (5-48a) and (5-48b), the maintenance for biomass growth in steady state bioremediation of mixed toluene and ethanol was then predicted as 0.027 ± 0.001 (C-mol/L/C-mol h) by applying the experimental data at steady state (Figure 5-8). This maintenance term is higher than that (0.010 ± 0.001 C-mol/C-mol h) for bioremediation of ethanol as sole carbon source in a continuous operation. This is caused by the stress of metabolizing toluene, a more toxic substrate. 114
Biomass concentration, g/L 1.5 1 0.5 0 Experimental data Predicted results 70 80 90 100 Time, h Figure 5-8 Simulation of mixed toluene and ethanol bioremediation at steady state (ethanol inlet of 15.9 mg/L and toluene inlet of 4.5 mg/L) 5.4.3 Modeling of Mixed Toluene Benzyl Alcohol Bioremediation at Steady State Based on the toluene pathway (Davey and Gibson, 1974; Wackett, 2004, see Appendix A-III), toluene is first converted to benzyl alcohol with the consumption of NADH 2 : CH 8 / 7 1 1 r 1 4 NADH 2 + O2 ⎯⎯→ CH 8 / 7O1/ 7 + H O + NAD (5-50) 7 7 7 + 2 An assumption is made that biomass is formed from only benzyl alcohol, and is not generated by this first metabolic step. The stoichiometric matrix θ bt for the four reactions (5-18), (5-25), (5-11) and (5-50) can be written as: 115
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BIOREMEDIATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC
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ABSTRACT The mass transfer of ethan
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effect on the growth of P. putida.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT Of the countless peo
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PERMISSION TO USE
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4.3 Batch Growth on Ethanol and Ben
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3-1. Schemat
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Figure 5.3 (b) Simulation of ethano
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Figure 5-16. Continuous removal of
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NOMENCLATURE a - Interfacial area,
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CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Air
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esults (van Groenestijn and Hesseli
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experimental results are presented
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Table 2.2 VOC Emissions in the U.S.
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(paint shop effluents, for instance
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combustion provides 70 to 90% air p
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used to degrade ethanol vapours and
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g m -3 . This would suggest that th
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treatment, This excessive biomass f
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The simultaneous degradation of tol
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emoves only water-soluble gases. Wa
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2.2.6 Pseudomonas It is well known
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2.3.2 Growth Models with Inhibition
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where µ is the total specific grow
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2.4.1 Batch Reactor In a batch reac
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discharged from the other end. The
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element solution consisted of (gram
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growth on ethanol, 20-48 hours for
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Gas phase samples of toluene were c
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Inlet sampler Exit sampler To fume
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Once the oxygen meter indicated a s
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centrifuged and the supernatant was
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where k L a is the volumetric mass
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Figure 4-2a shows ethanol liquid co
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coefficient (k L a) in the well-mix
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calculated by dividing the gas volu
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Average bubble diameter, mm 8 7 6 5
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Bioflow III bioreactor. Equation (4
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3.5 y=Ln(S0/S) 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 y = 12
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Ethanol and biomass concentration,
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4.3.2 Batch Growth on Benzyl Alcoho
Page 83 and 84: Biomass and benzyl alcohol concentr
Page 85 and 86: ethanol loading was beyond the maxi
Page 87 and 88: Table 4-2. Comparison of bioremedia
Page 89 and 90: Biomass, benzyl alcohol and toluene
Page 91 and 92: 4.4.3 Toluene-ethanol Bioremediatio
Page 93 and 94: Substrate and biomass concentration
Page 95 and 96: Biomass and benzyl alcohol concentr
Page 97 and 98: Biomass and benzoic acid concentrat
Page 99 and 100: ethanol. These results clearly indi
Page 101 and 102: CHAPTER FIVE - MATHEMATICAL MODELIN
Page 103 and 104: The stoichiometry of the biomass sy
Page 105 and 106: synthesis and in the ethanol catabo
Page 107 and 108: 1 max Y ex = − 0.635 + 2δ + K 3
Page 109 and 110: Biomass Eq.5-18 Benzyl Alcohol Eq.5
Page 111 and 112: r x r N -1.27 -1 0 1 0 0 -0.2 0 0 2
Page 113 and 114: φ = −θ b ⋅ν (5-31) φ b = 1.
Page 115 and 116: The data sets used to evaluate the
Page 117 and 118: Figures 5.4a and 5.4b present 95% c
Page 119 and 120: Ethanol and biomass concentration (
Page 121 and 122: Ethanol measured (C-mol/L) 0.3 0.25
Page 123 and 124: Figures 5.5 (a-d) demonstrate the s
Page 125 and 126: Benzyl alcohol and biomass concentr
Page 127 and 128: Benzyl alcohol measured (C-mol/L) 0
Page 129 and 130: x = 5 ∑ i= 1 x N i (5-40) where x
Page 131 and 132: ethanol in a steady state mode is l
Page 133: where ν 1 , ν 2 , ν 3, ν 4 are
Page 137 and 138: φ T =ν 4 (5-53b) φx = −ν 1 (5
Page 139 and 140: In this study, a metabolic model ha
Page 141 and 142: Equations (5-34) and (5-35) and the
Page 143 and 144: ATP 1 = Y max ATP r x + m ATP ⋅ C
Page 145 and 146: Ethanol, biomass and ammonium conce
Page 147 and 148: Figure 5-13a shows that the lower t
Page 149 and 150: Biomass, substrate concentrations,
Page 151 and 152: C e DKe = (5-63) μ − D m Equatio
Page 153 and 154: corresponds with the value associat
Page 155 and 156: Biomass and ethanol concentrations
Page 157 and 158: than 4.0 mg/L at all dilution rates
Page 159 and 160: Biomass, benzyl alcohol and ammonia
Page 161 and 162: negligible ( y out , e = 0) , and e
Page 163 and 164: Figure 5-17 shows the results at a
Page 165 and 166: Biomass Concentrations, g/L 3.5 3 2
Page 167 and 168: C x ( 1 max Q max = ⋅{ D( Cb0 −
Page 169 and 170: 1.2 g/L, the system could not be op
Page 171 and 172: The continuous models can capture a
Page 173 and 174: • Air stripping coefficients obta
Page 175 and 176: Toluene acts as an inhibitor on the
Page 177 and 178: Bruining, W. J., G. E. H. Joosten,
Page 179 and 180: Falatko, D. M., and J. T. Novak, 19
Page 181 and 182: Keuning, S., and D. Jager, 1994.
Page 183 and 184: Orshansky, F., and N. Narkis, 1997.
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Togna, A. P, M. Singh, 1994. “Bio
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APPENDIX A. Important Metabolic Pat
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III. Toluene Pathway (Adapted from
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Appendix B. Calibration Procedure a
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Figure B-2. Pseudomonas putida (ATC
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Appendix B-3. Calibration of Chemic
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Appendix B-4. Calibration of Toluen
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Appendix C. Experimental Results: A
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Probe response time, s 12 10 8 6 4
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Appendix C-2. Fed-batch Operation B
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Appendix D: Mathematical Solutions
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The microscopic model allows the fo
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13δ Y o , = 0.585 2 x = (D-24) (8K
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2 σ = −1.3E − 06 (E-11) Y xe Y
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Biomass, ethanol, and acetic acid c
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Experimental Study of Biodegradation of Ethanol and Toluene Vapors

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