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$Fayek & Kyser 2000 uraninite fractionations.pdf - Queen's University$

Chapter 3: Mining-induced Seismicity .................................................................................... 40 3.1 Creighton Mine Seismic Monitoring System ................................................................... 40 3.2 Event Characterization and Classification........................................................................ 41 3.2.1 Seismic Event Parameters....................................................................................... 42 3.2.1.1 Moment Magnitude (M)............................................................................. 43 3.2.1.2 Seismic Energy (E o ) and Seismic Moment (M o )........................................ 45 3.2.1.3 Energy Ratio, E s /E p .................................................................................... 46 3.2.1.4 Stress Parameters ....................................................................................... 47 3.2.1.5 Source Dimensions .................................................................................... 47 3.2.1.6 Peak Acceleration Parameter, Velocity Parameter and Maximum Displacement ........................................................................................ 48 3.2.2 Spatial and Temporal Event Clustering .................................................................. 48 3.2.3 Cluster Analysis for the 7400 Level ....................................................................... 52 3.2.4 Seismicity and Rockmass Degradation................................................................... 55 3.3 Focal Mechanisms............................................................................................................ 58 3.3.1 Fault Plane Solutions .............................................................................................. 58 3.3.1.1 Fault plane solutions for macroseismic events........................................... 60 3.3.1.2 Fault plane solutions for microseismic events ........................................... 62 3.3.1.3 Fault Plane Solution Discussion................................................................. 66 3.4 Stress Tensor Inversion .................................................................................................... 70 3.4.1 Stress Tensor Discussion ........................................................................................ 74 Chapter 4: Modelling Stress in the Creighton Deep............................................................... 78 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 78 4.2 Numerical Methods .......................................................................................................... 79 4.3 Model Input Parameters ................................................................................................... 80 4.3.1 Elastic and Plastic Models ...................................................................................... 80 4.3.2 Model Constituents and Input Parameters .............................................................. 81 4.4 Modelling with a Homogeneous Stress Field................................................................... 85 4.4.1 Case 1: Variable Fault Parameters......................................................................... 85 4.4.2 Case 2: Variable Fault Strength by Shear Zone Family......................................... 89 4.4.3 Case 3: Increase Principal Stress Ratio.................................................................. 92 4.5 Tectonic Loading Model .................................................................................................. 94 4.6 Modelling Rock Mass Degradation.................................................................................. 96 vi
4.6.1 Fracture Reactivation.............................................................................................. 97 4.6.2 Crack Initiation ....................................................................................................... 99 4.7 Modelling Summary and Discussion.............................................................................. 101 4.7.1 Synthesis: Stress, Seismicity and Structure ......................................................... 102 4.7.2 Model Limitations................................................................................................. 104 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................... 106 5.1 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 106 5.2 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 107 5.3 Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 109 References.................................................................................................................................. 111 Appendix A: Geological Maps and Sample Locations........................................................... 117 A.1: Site Locations.............................................................................................................. 117 A.2: Level Plans with Sample Locations ............................................................................ 119 Appendix B: Seismic Event Parameters ................................................................................ 126 B.1: Event Population Statistics for the Creighton Deep .................................................... 126 B.2: Spatial Distribution of Seismic Event Parameters for the 7400 Level ........................ 131 B.3: Cluster Statistics .......................................................................................................... 138 B.4: Temporal Distribution of Seismic Event Parameters .................................................. 140 Appendix C: Fault Plane Solutions ........................................................................................ 154 C.1: Fault Plane Solution Data for 7400 and 7530 Levels, January 1, 2006 – December 31............................................................................................ 154 Appendix D: Phase 2 Models..................................................................................................... 162 D.1: UDEC Modelling Results............................................................................................ 162 D.1.1: Case 1 Models...................................................................................................... 163 D.1.2: Case 2 Models...................................................................................................... 171 D.1.3: Case 3 Models...................................................................................................... 173 D.1.4: Tectonic Loading Models .................................................................................... 175 D.1: Discussion of Phase 2 Models....................................................................................... 177 D.1.1: Model Constituents ............................................................................................. 177 D.1.2: Boundary Conditions .......................................................................................... 178 D.2: Phase 2 Modelling Results............................................................................................ 179 vii
Page 1 and 2: THE INFLUENCES OF STRESS AND STRUCT
Page 3 and 4: esulting in increased stress to the
Page 5: Table of Contents Abstract.........
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures Figure 1.1: Locatio
Page 11 and 12: Figure 3.23: Preliminary stress inv
Page 13 and 14: Figure B11: Events between Jan 1, 2
Page 15 and 16: List of Tables Table 2.1: Geologica
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Backgrou
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.1: Location of Sudbury and
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2 Geological Assessment of
Page 23 and 24: ack breccia and sediments later dep
Page 25 and 26: Murray Fault, the principal fault o
Page 27 and 28: 2.2 Local Geology of Creighton Mine
Page 29 and 30: B West East B’ Figure 2.4B: Longi
Page 31 and 32: Table 2.2: Fault systems within the
Page 33 and 34: Table 2.3: Summary of Fault Charact
Page 35 and 36: Figure 2.6: (A) Damage to shotcrete
Page 37 and 38: Figure 2.7: (A) The 1290 Shear Zone
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2.8: Images of (A) the 400-E
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.9: (A) Photograph of the c
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.10 (A) Shear foliation, in
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2.11: Thin sections of the F
Page 47 and 48: (Fig. 2.12B). Reduction of quartz g
Page 49 and 50: 2.3.11 Late-Stage Fractures The you
Page 51 and 52: overprinting (Cochrane, 1991; Couls
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.4: Summary of Proterozoic t
Page 55 and 56: Both of these inferred stress direc
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are, at this time, in the process o
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Microseismic events of this subset
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3.2.1.2 Seismic Energy (E o ) and S
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3.2.1.4 Stress Parameters Stress pa
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located events were removed from cl
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Figure 3.7: Detected seismicity cor
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Table 3.1: Event characteristics in
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Table 3.3: Summary of relevant para
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) Damage Zone The rock mass in the
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quadrants of dilatation and compres
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Figure 3.12: Lower hemisphere equal
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mechanism shows that over 57% of th
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Figure 3.16: Classification of prin
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Figure 3.18: Contoured P-axis, B-ax
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Figure 3.20: Distribution of double
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This parameter reflects the magnitu
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Figure 3.23: Preliminary stress inv
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Figure 3.25: Equal area stereonet s
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Figure 3.27: (A) Maximum principal
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4.2 Numerical Methods Phase 2 and U
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Stress-strain relationships are use
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Rock mass failure is governed by th
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Figure 4.5: (A) Model for tectonic
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The zero cohesion and low friction
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Figure 4.9: Model of yielding for C
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Figure 4.11: Model of differential
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Figure 4.14: Model of maximum stres
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stress field model. There is little
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clustering are indications of rock
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Figure 4.23: Contoured domains of s
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Figure 4.24: Fracture initiation th
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seismic Cluster 1, which correspond
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contains energetic events and is no
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preferentially oriented fracture pl
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methodologies employed are of value
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References Alcott, J. M., Kaiser, P
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Galkin, V., Mungall, J. (2005). Str
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Mungall, J. E., & Hanley, J. J. (20
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Appendix A Geological Maps and Samp
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A.2 Level Plans with Sample Locatio
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Figure A3: 7400 Level, modified for
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Figure A5: 7680 Level, modified for
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Figure A7: 7940 Ramp, modified from
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MICROSEISMIC EVENTS Source Radius A
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2006 Event Frequency with Depth 600
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B.2 Spatial Distribution of Seismic
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Figure B11: Events between Jan 1, 2
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Cluster 1 Source Radius Asp. Radius
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Seismic Moment 10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.0
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143 Peak Velocity Parameter -2.5 -2
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B.4.2 Temporal Distribution of Clus
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147 Static Stress Drop 5.0 5.5 6.0
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B.4.3 Temporal Distribution of Clus
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151 Static Stress Drop 4.0 4.5 5.0
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Frequency-Magnitude Relation for Cl
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P-axis B-axis T-axis 155 Fault Plan
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P-axis B-axis T-axis Fault Plane 1
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Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
D.1.1: Case 1 Models Figure D1: Cas
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Figure D3: Case 1, elastic models s
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A B C D Figure D5: Case 1, plastic
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A B C D Figure D7: Case 1, plastic
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D.1.2: Case 2 Models A B C D Figure
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D.1.3: Case 3 Models A B C Figure D
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D1.4 Tectonic Loading Models Figure
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D.2 Discussion of Phase 2 Models El
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Staged models were created in which
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Figure D17 (A) Elastic model showin
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Figure D19 (A) Elastic model showin
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• Similar damage zones surroundin
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; ;================================
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change jmat=1 range 0,1564.64 0,156
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crack (845.579,718.676) (787.063,57
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;===plum=== crack (0,355.2371429) (
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crack (866.14,726.44) (838.2,737.61
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crack (838.2,737.616) (815.848,771.
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crack (815.848,771.144) (815.848,78
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;===== define sub block ===========
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E.9 S3:S1 Model for fracture reacti
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yval= abs(z_syy(zi)) xyval= abs(z_s
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and rearranged to , (Equation F4) .
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Such that , (Equation F19) I is the
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title of the thesis - Department of Geology - Queen's University

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