title of the thesis - Department of Geology - Queen's University

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$Fayek & Kyser 2000 uraninite fractionations.pdf - Queen's University$

Clusters 2 and 3 are located to the south and southeast of the excavation and generally have lower source parameter values that are nearer to background levels. The implications of this are discussed in section 3.2.4. Table 3.2: Spatial cluster positions Range Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Northing (ft.) 6090-6273 6155-6270 6130-6225 Easting (ft.) 4250-4440 4560-4670 4685-4810 Depth (ft.) 7350-7450 7350-7450 7350-7450 Figure 3.8: Three clusters are isolated for events between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2007 located about the 7400 Level. Events cluster spatially but not temporally. 54
Table 3.3: Summary of relevant parameter mean values and standard error for each cluster as compared to background parameter values. An asterisk (*) indicates the log of the values for scaling purposes. Parameter (Mean) Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 7400 Level Background Moment Magnitude (M) -1.11 ± 0.01 -1.28 ± 0.02 -1.37 ± 0.03 -1.11 ± 0.01 -1.09 ± 0.00 Seismic Moment* (Nm) 7.70 ± 0.02 7.37 ± 0.03 7.23 ± 0.05 7.81 ± 0.02 7.79 ± 0.01 Seismic Energy*, (J) 3.38 ± 0.04 1.73 ± 0.07 1.31 ± 0.08 2.63 ± 0.03 2.51 ± 0.01 Source Radius (m) 2.10 ± 0.02 2.24 ± 0.04 2.55 ± 0.07 2.64 ± 0.02 2.71 ± 0.01 Asperity Radius (m) 0.60 ± 0.01 0.59 ± 0.01 0.49 ± 0.01 0.66 ± 0.01 0.71 ± 0.00 Es/Ep 8.89 ± 0.20 7.52 ± 0.28 9.42 ± 0.32 8.21 ± 0.18 8.62 ± 0.07 Static Stress Drop* (Pa) 6.84 ± 0.02 6.11 ± 0.03 5.86 ± 0.04 6.05 ± 0.35 6.24 ± 0.09 Dynamic Stress Drop* (Pa) 7.12 ± 0.02 6.50 ± 0.02 6.49 ± 0.03 6.88 ± 0.01 6.80 ± 0.01 Apparent Stress* (Pa) 6.05 ± 0.02 4.92 ± 0.04 4.64 ± 0.05 5.37 ± 0.02 5.27 ± 0.01 Maximum Displacement (m) -3.56 ± 0.02 -4.21 ± 0.03 -4.30 ± 0.04 -3.79 ± 0.01 -3.84 ± 0.01 Peak Velocity Parameter (m/s) -1.36 ± 0.02 -2.01 ± 0.03 -2.09 ± 0.04 -1.59 ± 0.01 -1.62 ± 0.01 Peak Acceleration Parameter (m/s 2 ) 6.02 ± 0.02 5.40 ± 0.02 5.39 ± 0.03 5.77 ± 0.01 5.70 ± 0.01 3.2.4 Seismicity and Rockmass Degradation In the mine environment, high event rates and dense event spacing suggest progressive damage of the rock mass and increased seismic hazard (Vasak et al., n.d.). The occurrence and characteristics of seismic events can be used as an indication of the physical state of the rock mass. Temporal trends in seismic event parameters indicate that the rockmass passes through five phases in the degradation process (Coulson and Bawden 2008): 1. Crack closure and fracture initiation 2. Fracture interaction 3. Fracture coalescence (yield) 4. Fracture localization (peak) 5. Disassociation (post peak behaviour approaching the residual rockmass strength). Observations by Coulson and Bawden (2008) in several mines in Northern Ontario demonstrate that the rock mass immediately surrounding an excavation is in a state of permanent strain (disassociation) and is aseismic. The rock mass further from the excavation is continually 55
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THE INFLUENCES OF STRESS AND STRUCT
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esulting in increased stress to the
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Table of Contents Abstract.........
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4.6.1 Fracture Reactivation........
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Locatio
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Figure 3.23: Preliminary stress inv
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Figure B11: Events between Jan 1, 2
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Geologica
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Backgrou
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.1: Location of Sudbury and
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2 Geological Assessment of
Page 23 and 24: ack breccia and sediments later dep
Page 25 and 26: Murray Fault, the principal fault o
Page 27 and 28: 2.2 Local Geology of Creighton Mine
Page 29 and 30: B West East B’ Figure 2.4B: Longi
Page 31 and 32: Table 2.2: Fault systems within the
Page 33 and 34: Table 2.3: Summary of Fault Charact
Page 35 and 36: Figure 2.6: (A) Damage to shotcrete
Page 37 and 38: Figure 2.7: (A) The 1290 Shear Zone
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2.8: Images of (A) the 400-E
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.9: (A) Photograph of the c
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.10 (A) Shear foliation, in
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2.11: Thin sections of the F
Page 47 and 48: (Fig. 2.12B). Reduction of quartz g
Page 49 and 50: 2.3.11 Late-Stage Fractures The you
Page 51 and 52: overprinting (Cochrane, 1991; Couls
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.4: Summary of Proterozoic t
Page 55 and 56: Both of these inferred stress direc
Page 57 and 58: are, at this time, in the process o
Page 59 and 60: Microseismic events of this subset
Page 61 and 62: 3.2.1.2 Seismic Energy (E o ) and S
Page 63 and 64: 3.2.1.4 Stress Parameters Stress pa
Page 65 and 66: located events were removed from cl
Page 67 and 68: Figure 3.7: Detected seismicity cor
Page 69: Table 3.1: Event characteristics in
Page 73 and 74: ) Damage Zone The rock mass in the
Page 75 and 76: quadrants of dilatation and compres
Page 77 and 78: Figure 3.12: Lower hemisphere equal
Page 79 and 80: mechanism shows that over 57% of th
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.16: Classification of prin
Page 83 and 84: Figure 3.18: Contoured P-axis, B-ax
Page 85 and 86: Figure 3.20: Distribution of double
Page 87 and 88: This parameter reflects the magnitu
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3.23: Preliminary stress inv
Page 91 and 92: Figure 3.25: Equal area stereonet s
Page 93 and 94: Figure 3.27: (A) Maximum principal
Page 95 and 96: 4.2 Numerical Methods Phase 2 and U
Page 97 and 98: Stress-strain relationships are use
Page 99 and 100: Rock mass failure is governed by th
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4.5: (A) Model for tectonic
Page 103 and 104: The zero cohesion and low friction
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.9: Model of yielding for C
Page 107 and 108: Figure 4.11: Model of differential
Page 109 and 110: Figure 4.14: Model of maximum stres
Page 111 and 112: stress field model. There is little
Page 113 and 114: clustering are indications of rock
Page 115 and 116: Figure 4.23: Contoured domains of s
Page 117 and 118: Figure 4.24: Fracture initiation th
Page 119 and 120: seismic Cluster 1, which correspond
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contains energetic events and is no
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preferentially oriented fracture pl
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methodologies employed are of value
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References Alcott, J. M., Kaiser, P
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Galkin, V., Mungall, J. (2005). Str
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Mungall, J. E., & Hanley, J. J. (20
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Appendix A Geological Maps and Samp
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A.2 Level Plans with Sample Locatio
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Figure A3: 7400 Level, modified for
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Figure A5: 7680 Level, modified for
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Figure A7: 7940 Ramp, modified from
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MICROSEISMIC EVENTS Source Radius A
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2006 Event Frequency with Depth 600
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B.2 Spatial Distribution of Seismic
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Cluster 1 Source Radius Asp. Radius
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Seismic Moment 10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.0
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143 Peak Velocity Parameter -2.5 -2
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B.4.2 Temporal Distribution of Clus
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147 Static Stress Drop 5.0 5.5 6.0
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B.4.3 Temporal Distribution of Clus
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151 Static Stress Drop 4.0 4.5 5.0
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Frequency-Magnitude Relation for Cl
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P-axis B-axis T-axis 155 Fault Plan
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P-axis B-axis T-axis Fault Plane 1
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D.1.1: Case 1 Models Figure D1: Cas
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Figure D3: Case 1, elastic models s
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A B C D Figure D5: Case 1, plastic
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A B C D Figure D7: Case 1, plastic
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D.1.2: Case 2 Models A B C D Figure
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D.1.3: Case 3 Models A B C Figure D
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D1.4 Tectonic Loading Models Figure
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D.2 Discussion of Phase 2 Models El
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Staged models were created in which
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Figure D17 (A) Elastic model showin
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Figure D19 (A) Elastic model showin
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• Similar damage zones surroundin
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; ;================================
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change jmat=1 range 0,1564.64 0,156
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crack (845.579,718.676) (787.063,57
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;===plum=== crack (0,355.2371429) (
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crack (866.14,726.44) (838.2,737.61
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crack (838.2,737.616) (815.848,771.
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crack (815.848,771.144) (815.848,78
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;===== define sub block ===========
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E.9 S3:S1 Model for fracture reacti
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yval= abs(z_syy(zi)) xyval= abs(z_s
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and rearranged to , (Equation F4) .
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Such that , (Equation F19) I is the
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