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270 FALSE ADVERTISING, DILUTION & ‘CYBERPIRACY’ PROBLEM 9-3 Lamparello is from the 4th Circuit, the same Circuit that decided PETA (excerpted in Chapter 7). Are the two cases consistent? In your answer you should first offer the strongest reasons that they are not—listing arguments, decisions on points of law, legal definitions, or jurisprudential approaches towards trademark that you think make the two decisions inconsistent, not just as a matter of law, but as a matter of trademark philosophy. Then you should make the strongest counter arguments. In particular, you should list the distinguishing features between the two cases that actually show that the decisions—though one favors plaintiff and one defendant—are consistent. Which side of the debate do you think is stronger, and why? To the extent you do think the cases represent diverging views, with which do you agree?
CHAPTER TEN Introduction to Copyright: Theory & History Imagine that you have to craft a scheme of intellectual property from scratch. Your subject matter is books. And later music and film. But initially books. What do you do? What material should the right cover? What material should the right leave free? What exceptions and limitations should there be? Again we have a resource that—once we get to a certain technological level—is non-rivalrous and non-excludable. True, the degree of rivalrousness and excludability will change over time. It is harder to typeset an illicit edition of Bleak House on a Victorian printing press than to download an epub of Fifty Shades of Grey from a “warez” site. But you wish to encourage authors (and publishers) to produce these wonderful objects, and yet make sure they can be read by your fellow citizens and even built upon by future authors. How do you do so? Copyright starts with a remarkable and dramatic choice. It does not cover ideas or unoriginal compilations of fact. When I publish my book, the ideas and facts within it go immediately into the public domain—no need to wait for my lifetime plus another seventy years to get them. Copyright covers only the original expression. When I report on a momentous assassination of a politician, reveal the assassin’s name and offer the prediction that this may lead to the death of a peace process, copyright gives me no rights over the facts of the death, or the assassin’s name or the idea that this may set off national and regional conflict with tragic consequences for those who had hoped peace was within their grasp. My copyright covers only the way in which those ideas and facts are expressed. In the readings that follow, you will find first that neither this idea/expression dichotomy, nor the drawing of a limited legal right around its contours, seemed obvious or normal when first introduced. Yet you will also find that it was subsequently woven into an edifice of remarkable rhetorical force and power. Copyright and the Invention of Authorship Excerpt from James Boyle, Shamans, Software and Spleens: Law and the Construction of the Information Society (Harvard University Press, 1997) 1 In personal or real property, . . . one can point to a pair of sneakers or a house, say “I own that,” and have some sense of confidence that the statement means something. As the LeRoy Fibre case [you probably read the Leroy Fibre case as a 1L—the Supreme Court held that “the rights of one man in the use of his property cannot be limited by the wrongs 1 Footnotes omitted.
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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: LAW & THE IN
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Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ....
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TABLE OF CONTENTS iii 5.) 1052(e) .
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TABLE OF CONTENTS v d.) A Two-Part
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TABLE OF CONTENTS vii In re Fisher,
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x INTRODUCTION Basic Themes: Three
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xii INTRODUCTION see the Lotus v. B
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CHAPTER ONE The Theories Behind Int
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The Theories Behind Intellectual Pr
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CHAPTER TWO Intellectual Property &
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Limitations on Congressional Power:
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CHAPTER THREE Intellectual Property
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Intellectual Property & the First A
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108 TRADEMARK: INTRODUCTION right?
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110 TRADEMARK: INTRODUCTION Compari
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112 TRADEMARK: INTRODUCTION the hol
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114 TRADEMARK: INTRODUCTION out of
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116 TRADEMARK: INTRODUCTION PROBLEM
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118 SUBJECT MATTER: REQUIREMENTS FO
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154 GROUNDS FOR REFUSING REGISTRATI
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CHAPTER SEVEN Trademark Infringemen
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Use in Commerce 179 it purchase not
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Use in Commerce 181 associated with
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Use in Commerce 183 engaged in the
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Use in Commerce 185 A. Trademark In
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Likelihood of Confusion 187 Doughne
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Likelihood of Confusion 189 closely
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Likelihood of Confusion 191 appella
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Likelihood of Confusion 193 sophist
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Contributory Infringement 195 meani
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Contributory Infringement 197 Backg
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Contributory Infringement 199 Claim
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Contributory Infringement 201 on th
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Contributory Infringement 203 B. Di
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Contributory Infringement 205 for w
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Contributory Infringement 207 an un
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Contributory Infringement 209 You h
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Contributory Infringement 211 Googl
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214 DEFENSES TO TRADEMARK INFRINGEM
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The Idea-Expression Distinction 321
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Merger of Idea and Expression 323 3
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Merger of Idea and Expression 325 W
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Merger of Idea and Expression 327 b
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Merger of Idea and Expression 329 a
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Merger of Idea and Expression 331 t
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Merger of Idea and Expression 333 j
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Merger of Idea and Expression 335 A
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Useful Articles 337 PROBLEM 11-2 [W
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Useful Articles 339 if design eleme
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Useful Articles 341 form, the six-i
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Methods of Operation: Introduction
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Fixation (Copyright Meets Software,
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CHAPTER TWELVE Copyright’s “Rea
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Exclusive Rights 383 Shakespeare’
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The Idea/Expression Distinction in
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The Idea/Expression Distinction in
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Copyright Meets Computer Software:
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Copyright in Characters 407 c.) Cop
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Copyright in Characters 409 charact
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A Two-Part Test for Copyright Infri
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“De minimis” Copying 417 puppy
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“De minimis” Copying 419 Newton
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“De minimis” Copying 421 Notes
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN Limitations on Exc
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Fair Use, Technology and Contributo
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Unpublished works, “Scoops” and
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Transformative Use, Parody, Comment
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Fair Use Meets Technology 465 4.) F
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Fair Use Meets Technology 467 succe
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Fair Use Meets Technology 469 rebut
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Fair Use Meets Technology 471 Compu
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Fair Use Meets Technology 473 Becau
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Fair Use Meets Technology 475 she w
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Fair Use Meets Technology 477 owner
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Fair Use Meets Technology 479 corre
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Fair Use Meets Technology 481 or li
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Fair Use Meets Technology 483 reaso
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Fair Use Meets Technology 485 onlin
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A Fair Use Case-Study: Multiple Cop
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Conclusion 513 annually from Eastla
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN Secondary Liabilit
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The Stakes of Contributory Infringe
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Contributory and Vicarious Infringe
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Inducement Liability 527 power and
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Inducement Liability 529 As the num
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Inducement Liability 531 contributo
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Inducement Liability 533 promoting
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Inducement Liability 535 capability
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Inducement Liability 537 films (e.g
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Inducement Liability 539 114 Yale L
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Safe Harbors: Section 512, Direct I
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558 ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION: A NEW STATU
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN Copyright & State M
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Introduction 605 (A) any cause of a
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Introduction 607 viewer directly to
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Subject Matter and General Scope: E
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Preemption, Misappropriation & the
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632 PATENTS: HOPES, FEARS, HISTORY
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CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Patentable Subject
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Laws of Nature and Natural Phenomen
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Abstract Ideas, Business Methods an
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698 REQUIREMENTS FOR PATENT PROTECT
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CHAPTER TWENTY Requirements for Pat
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Novelty: Basics 723 was no evidence
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Novelty: Anticipation of Every Elem
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Novelty: Inherency 731 of invalidit
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Novelty: Inherency 733 rationale be
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Statutory Bar: Public Use 735 for a
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Statutory Bar: Public Use 737 adopt
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Statutory Bar: The Experimental Use
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746 NON-OBVIOUSNESS Graham v. John
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748 NON-OBVIOUSNESS Jefferson’s p
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750 NON-OBVIOUSNESS be patentable i
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752 NON-OBVIOUSNESS authorize the i
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754 NON-OBVIOUSNESS B. The Inventio
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756 NON-OBVIOUSNESS most be periphe
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758 NON-OBVIOUSNESS of the tubing,
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760 NON-OBVIOUSNESS toward nonobvio
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762 NON-OBVIOUSNESS contaminating s
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764 NON-OBVIOUSNESS solve the probl
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766 NON-OBVIOUSNESS now claims. 3 T
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768 NON-OBVIOUSNESS A. Who Is Presu
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770 NON-OBVIOUSNESS PROBLEM 21-1 a.
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO A Creative Commo
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A Creative Commons? Summary and Con
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James Boyle, A Creative Commons 777
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