principles and applications of microearthquake networks

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7. General Applications Data from microearthquake networks have been applied to many seismological problems, especially in detailed studies of seismicity and focal mechanism. These in turn provide valuable information for (1) identifying active faults and earthquake precursors, (2) estimating earthquake risk, and (3) studying the earthquake generating process. In this chapter, we summarize some general applications of microearthquake networks. Because of the vast amounts of existing literature, it is inevitable that many references (especially those not written in English) have not been cited here. From an operational point of view, microearthquake networks may be classified as either permanent or temporary types. Permanent microearthquake networks usually consist of stations in which signals are telemetered to a central recording center in order to reduce the labor in collecting and processing seismic data. Telemetering places severe limitations on where stations can be set up (line of sight for radio-telemetering or availability of telephone lines) and usually requires a long lead time before a station is operating. Temporary microearthquake networks are usually designed to be extremely portable and can be deployed for operation quickly. Thus, they are most valuable for responding to large earthquakes or for studies in remote areas. However, temporary networks require large amounts of manual labor to collect and process the data. For practical reasons, most seismological research centers maintain both permanent and temporary networks. In fact, a combination of both permanent and temporary stations proves most fruitful for many applications. 7.1. Permanent Networks for Basic Research In a given region large earthquakes usually occur at intervals of tens or hundreds of years. Therefore, long-term studies must be conducted to 164
7.2. Temporary Networks for Reconnaissance Surveys 165 collect the necessary data. To study microearthquakes, we must have high-sensitivity seismographs located at least within 100 km of earthquake sources. If microearthquakes have shallow focal depths (
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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF MICR
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Contents FOREWORD PREFACE vii ix 1.
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Foreword Earthquakes occur over a c
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X PI-
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2 1 . It1 trodir ctivn of the earth
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frequency of occurrence N by (I .2)
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6 1. Introduction the initial P-ons
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8 1. Ititrodiictioti that changes i
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10 1. Introduction Fig. la. Schemat
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12 Fig. b. Map showing seismographi
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14 1. Introduction indicated the la
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~ 16 2. Ins trumeri tic t ion Syste
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18 2. Itistrirmeritation Systems In
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20 2. Ins trumeti ta tim S ys tems
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22 2. Ins tru inen ta t ion Systems
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24 2. Iris trumentrt tion Systems F
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26 2. Itistrutnetztntioti System 5H
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28 2. Instrumentntior? Systems Fig.
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30 2. Instrumentation Systems The o
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32 2. Instrumentation Systems other
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34 2. Instrumentation Systems 1 0 7
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a,No ak) ak) ak) TABLE I Seismic Sy
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38 2. Znstrumentution Systems FREQU
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40 2. Instrumentatiori Systems mome
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42 2. Ins tru rneti totion Sys tenz
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44 2. Instrumentation Systems magne
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3. Data Processing Procedures Micro
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48 3. Datu Processirig Procedures c
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50 3. Data Processitig Procedures c
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52 3. Data Processirig Procedures s
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54 3. Ihta Processing Procedures Se
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56 3. htcr Processirig Procedures w
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58 3. Data Processitig PrmedureLs i
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60 3. Datu Processirig Procedures f
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62 3. Data Processing Procedures Th
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64 3. Dutct Processing Procedures m
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66 3. Data Processing Procedures ch
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68 3. Dutu Processing Procedures an
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70 3. Data Processirig Procedures i
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72 3. Dnta Processing Procedures co
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74 3. Data Processing Procedures se
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4. Seismic Ray Tracing for Minimum
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78 4. Seismic Ray Tracing for Minim
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80 4. Seismic Ruy Trucing for Minim
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(1 84 4. Seismic Ray Tracing for Mi
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88 4. Seismic Ray Tracirig for Mini
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90 4. Seismic Ray Trucing .for Mini
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92 4. Seismic Ruy Tracing for Minim
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% 4. Seismic Ray Tracing for Minimu
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100 4. Seismic Ray Tracing for Mini
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106 5. Inversion and Optimization u
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108 5. Inversion and Optimization G
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110 5. Inversion and Optimization t
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112 5. Inversion and Optimization n
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Page 132 and 133: 118 5. In versiori nnd Optimization
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Page 140 and 141: 126 5. Inversion criid Optimization
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Page 144 and 145: 130 6. Methods of Data Analysk 6.1.
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Page 156 and 157: 142 6. Methods of Data Analysis (a)
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Page 180 and 181: 166 7. General Applications in ampl
Page 182 and 183: 168 7. General Applications Rangely
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Page 213 and 214: 8.1. Seistnicit~ Pritterns 199 made
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8.3. Temporiil Vuriiitiotis qf Otli
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8.3. TemporuI Variations of Other S
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8.3. Temporal Vcrridoris of‘ Othe
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8.3. Totnportrl Vtrritrtiotis of' O
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9. Discussion Microearthquake studi
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Automation usually does not reduce
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Glossar? of' A bbreiqiations 227 da
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Glossary of AbbrciTintions 229 said
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References Acton, F. S. (1970). "Nu
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References 23 3 Asada, T. ( 1957).
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Rtjfcrcric-es 235 travel-time chang
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Refererices 237 Cleary, J. R., Wrig
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References Eaton, J. P. (1976). Tes
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References 24 1 Francis, T. J. G.,
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243 Hagiwarii. T., and Iwata. T. (1
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R efereiices 245 Horner, R. B., Ste
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References 247 Kagan, Y. Y., and Kn
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Referetices 249 Kodama, K. P., and
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25 1 Lin, M. T., Tsai, Y. B., and F
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References 253 Mikumo, T., Otsuka,
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R eferetices 255 Nordquist, J. M. (
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Re feret ices 257 F'rothero, W. A.
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259 Sauber. J., and Talwani, P. (19
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References 26 1 Stephens, C. D., La
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Keferetices 263 Tsujiura, M. (1978)
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R ef ere1 ices croearthquake observ
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