principles and applications of microearthquake networks

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vi cot1 tP?l t s 5. Generalized Inversion and Nonlinear Optimization 5. I. Mathematical Treatment of Linear Systems 5.2. Physical Consideration of Inverse Problems 5.3. Computational Aspects of Solving Inverse Problems 5.3. Nonlinear Optimization i06 i15 116 122 6. Methods of Data Analysis 6.1. Determination of Origin Time and Hypocenter 6.2. Fault-Plane Solution 6.3. Simultaneous Inversion for Hypocenter Parameters and Velocity Structure 6.4. Estimation of Earthquake Magnitude 6.5. Quantification of Earthquakes 130 139 148 153 158 7. General Applications 7.1. Permanent Networks for Basic Research 7.2. Temporary Networks for Reconnaissance Surveys 7.3. Aftershock Studies 7.4. Induced Seismicity Studies 7.5. Geothermal Exploration 7.6. Crustal and Mantle Structure 7.7. Other Applications 164 165 166 166 168 168 170 8. Applications for Earthquake Prediction 8. I. Seismicity Patterns 8.2. Temporal Variations of Seismic Velocity 8.3. Temporal Variations of Other Seismic Parameters 199 208 215 9. Discussion Text 223 Appendix: Glossary of Abbreviations and Unusual Terms 226 References 23 1 ACJTHOK INII~X SL BJKT INDEX 267 27 8
Foreword Earthquakes occur over a continuous energy spectrum, ranging from high-magnitude, but rare, earthquakes to those of relatively low magnitude but high frequency of occurrence (i.e., microearthquakes). This review is concerned primarily with the underlying physical principles, techniques, and methods of analysis used in studying the low-magnitude end of the spectrum. As a consequence of advancing technological capabilities that are being applied in many diverse regional networks, this subject has grown so rapidly that the need for a coherent overview describing the present state of affairs seems clear. One of the main reasons for the growth of interest in microearthquakes is a newly accepted concern of seismologists for prediction that goes along with the more traditional concerns for description and physical understanding including the use of earthquake records as probes of internal constitution of the Earth. It is now recognized that these low-amplitude microearthquakes are important signals of continuous tectonic processes in the Earth, the future evolution of which is to be forecast. In this predictive respect seismology has moved closer in its goals to meteorology, inheriting the awesome difficulties of predicting the output of an essentially aperiodic, nonlinear, stochastic, dynamic system that can only be modeled and observed in a very crude way far short of the continuum requirements in space and time. The observational difficulties in seismology are, in fact, even more acute than those in meteorology. As we have indicated, however, there have already been substantial advances in this aspect of the problem, and this Supplement 2 volume of Advmces in Geophysics, by Lee and Stewart, will provide a benchmark for the progress made to date. B A RRY S A L T z M A N vii
Page 1 and 2: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF MICR
Page 3 and 4: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF MICR
Page 5: Contents FOREWORD PREFACE vii ix 1.
Page 10 and 11: X PI-
Page 13: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF MICR
Page 16 and 17: 2 1 . It1 trodir ctivn of the earth
Page 18 and 19: frequency of occurrence N by (I .2)
Page 20 and 21: 6 1. Introduction the initial P-ons
Page 22 and 23: 8 1. Ititrodiictioti that changes i
Page 24 and 25: 10 1. Introduction Fig. la. Schemat
Page 26 and 27: 12 Fig. b. Map showing seismographi
Page 28 and 29: 14 1. Introduction indicated the la
Page 30 and 31: ~ 16 2. Ins trumeri tic t ion Syste
Page 32 and 33: 18 2. Itistrirmeritation Systems In
Page 34 and 35: 20 2. Ins trumeti ta tim S ys tems
Page 36 and 37: 22 2. Ins tru inen ta t ion Systems
Page 38 and 39: 24 2. Iris trumentrt tion Systems F
Page 40 and 41: 26 2. Itistrutnetztntioti System 5H
Page 42 and 43: 28 2. Instrumentntior? Systems Fig.
Page 44 and 45: 30 2. Instrumentation Systems The o
Page 46 and 47: 32 2. Instrumentation Systems other
Page 48 and 49: 34 2. Instrumentation Systems 1 0 7
Page 50 and 51: a,No ak) ak) ak) TABLE I Seismic Sy
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42 2. Ins tru rneti totion Sys tenz
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44 2. Instrumentation Systems magne
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3. Data Processing Procedures Micro
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48 3. Datu Processirig Procedures c
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50 3. Data Processitig Procedures c
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52 3. Data Processirig Procedures s
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54 3. Ihta Processing Procedures Se
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56 3. htcr Processirig Procedures w
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58 3. Data Processitig PrmedureLs i
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60 3. Datu Processirig Procedures f
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62 3. Data Processing Procedures Th
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64 3. Dutct Processing Procedures m
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66 3. Data Processing Procedures ch
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68 3. Dutu Processing Procedures an
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70 3. Data Processirig Procedures i
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72 3. Dnta Processing Procedures co
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74 3. Data Processing Procedures se
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4. Seismic Ray Tracing for Minimum
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78 4. Seismic Ray Tracing for Minim
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80 4. Seismic Ruy Trucing for Minim
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(1 84 4. Seismic Ray Tracing for Mi
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88 4. Seismic Ray Tracirig for Mini
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90 4. Seismic Ray Trucing .for Mini
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92 4. Seismic Ruy Tracing for Minim
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% 4. Seismic Ray Tracing for Minimu
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100 4. Seismic Ray Tracing for Mini
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106 5. Inversion and Optimization u
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108 5. Inversion and Optimization G
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110 5. Inversion and Optimization t
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112 5. Inversion and Optimization n
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114 5. Inversion and Optimization n
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116 5. Inversion and Optimization B
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118 5. In versiori nnd Optimization
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120 5. Iwersioti arid Optirnizntior
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122 5. Inversion and Optimization m
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124 5. Inversion and Optimization i
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126 5. Inversion criid Optimization
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128 5. Inversiori niid Optimization
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130 6. Methods of Data Analysk 6.1.
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132 6. Methods of Data Analysis We
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134 6. Methods of Data Analysis x*
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136 6. Methods oj Data Analysis It
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138 6. Methotls of Data Analysis te
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140 6. Methods of Data Analysis pur
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142 6. Methods of Data Analysis (a)
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144 6. Methods qf Dcrtcr Analysis N
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146 6. Methods of Dutcr Analysk imp
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148 6. Methods of Data Analysis sho
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150 6. Methods of Data Aizalysis tr
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152 6. Methods of Data Analysis (6.
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154 6. Methods of Data Analysis qua
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156 6. Methods of Datu Analysls mag
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158 6. Methods of Data Analysis 6.5
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160 6. Methods of Data Analysis (6.
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162 6. Methods of Data Analysis fro
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7. General Applications Data from m
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166 7. General Applications in ampl
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168 7. General Applications Rangely
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170 7. General Applications The inv
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8.1. Seistnicit~ Pritterns 199 made
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8.1. Seismicity Patterns 201 only p
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8.1. Seismicit! Plitterrzs 203 betw
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Keilis-Borok et al. (1980b) suggest
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8.1. Srismic.itJ Ptrtterns 207 of t
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8.2. Temporal V'iricrtions of Seism
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8.3. Temporiil Vuriiitiotis qf Otli
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8.3. TemporuI Variations of Other S
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8.3. Temporal Vcrridoris of‘ Othe
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8.3. Totnportrl Vtrritrtiotis of' O
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9. Discussion Microearthquake studi
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Automation usually does not reduce
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Glossar? of' A bbreiqiations 227 da
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Glossary of AbbrciTintions 229 said
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References Acton, F. S. (1970). "Nu
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References 23 3 Asada, T. ( 1957).
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Rtjfcrcric-es 235 travel-time chang
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Refererices 237 Cleary, J. R., Wrig
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References Eaton, J. P. (1976). Tes
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References 24 1 Francis, T. J. G.,
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243 Hagiwarii. T., and Iwata. T. (1
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R efereiices 245 Horner, R. B., Ste
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References 247 Kagan, Y. Y., and Kn
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Referetices 249 Kodama, K. P., and
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25 1 Lin, M. T., Tsai, Y. B., and F
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References 253 Mikumo, T., Otsuka,
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R eferetices 255 Nordquist, J. M. (
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Re feret ices 257 F'rothero, W. A.
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259 Sauber. J., and Talwani, P. (19
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References 26 1 Stephens, C. D., La
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Keferetices 263 Tsujiura, M. (1978)
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R ef ere1 ices croearthquake observ
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