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THE FATTY ACID PROFILE OF SUBCUTANEOUS AND ABDOMINAL FAT IN DAIRY COWS was significantly higher in SUBC than in ABD and NEFA (P < 0.0001). The PUFA level was higher in NEFA compared with ABD and SUBC (P < 0.0001). The ∆9-desaturase indices for C14 and C16 were lowest in ABD and highest in SUBC (P < 0.0001). The C18-ratio was lower in ABD and NEFA compared with SUBC (P < 0.0001; Figure 3). Table 2. Fatty acid composition (g/100 g FA) of the 3 main fat compartments in dairy cows suffering from a left displacement of the abomasum Compartment Fatty acid Abdominal 1 NEFA Subcutaneous SEM P (g/100 g) 14:0 2.52 a2 1.80 b 3.03 c 0.098
CHAPTER 4.2 revealed a strong positive correlation between PC1 and the ∆9-desaturase indices, the proportion in fat of 16:1 cis-9 and 14:1 cis-9 while negatively correlated with the proportion of 18:0 and SFA. The loading plot for the regression factors (Figure 4) revealed a strong positive correlation between PC1 and the ∆9-desaturase indices, the proportion in fat of 16:1 cis-9 and 14:1 cis-9 while negatively correlated with the proportion of 18:0 and SFA. The correlation with PC2 was positive for the proportion of PUFA, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 and negative for the proportion of 14:0, 16:0 and SFA. The PCA score plot (Figure 5) proves a differentiation between the 3 compartments based on both PC1 and PC2. The SUBC could be distinguished from the NEFA and ABD by a positive score for PC1. The differentiation between the 2 compartments with a negative score for PC1 could be made by a positive (NEFA) or negative (ABD) score for PC2 which is illustrated by the mean PC1 scores for SUBC that differ from the ABD and NEFA (P < 0.0001). The individual PC2 scores differ between all classes (P < 0.0001, Table 3). Table 3. Principal components for the fatty acid profile of the 3 main fat compartments in dairy cows suffering from a left displacement of the abomasum Principal component Proportion 1 Abdominal 2 NEFA (%) Compartment Subcutaneou s PC1 51.6 -1.86 a3 -2.03 a 2.91 b 0.296
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Health and fertility challenges in
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Health and Fertility Challenges in
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIAT
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION Modified from:
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CHAPTER 1 Table 1. List of bioactiv
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Milk production per lactation (kg)
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CHAPTER 1 availability in the diet
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CHAPTER 1 Chagas, L. M., J. J. Bass
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CHAPTER 1 Goff, J. P. and R. L. Hor
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CHAPTER 1 Lucy, M. C. 2008. Functio
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CHAPTER 1 UNPD. 2010. World populat
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THE FABULOUS DESTINY OF FATTY ACIDS
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Intestinal digestibility (%) THE FA
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AIMS
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HEALTH CHALLENGES IN HIGH YIELDING
Page 74: LACTATION CURVE ANALYSIS IN METABOL
Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER 4.1 and interrelationships
Page 79 and 80: CHAPTER 4.1 GmbH, Unterschleißheim
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 4.1 analysis, all animals w
Page 83 and 84: Survival distribution function CHAP
Page 85 and 86: Milk production (kg) CHAPTER 4.1 wa
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4.1 Complicated twinning (T
Page 89 and 90: CHAPTER 4.1 Table 5. The effect of
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 4.1 In most studies a posit
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER 4.1 reported a positive and
Page 101 and 102: CHAPTER 4.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The au
Page 103 and 104: CHAPTER 4.1 Detilleux, J. C., Y. T.
Page 105 and 106: CHAPTER 4.1 Hosmer, D.W., and S. Le
Page 107 and 108: CHAPTER 4.1 Rajala-Schultz, P. J.,
Page 112: THE FATTY ACID PROFILE OF SUBCUTANE
Page 116 and 117: THE FATTY ACID PROFILE OF SUBCUTANE
Page 124 and 125: Fatty acid (g/100 g FA) Fatty acid
Page 138: THE USE OF DIETARY FATTY ACIDS DURI
Page 142 and 143: FEEDING MARINE ALGAE TO DAIRY COWS
Page 168: FEEDING MARINE ALGAE TO DAIRY COWS
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FEEDING OMEGA-6 AND OMEGA-3 FATTY A
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CHAPTER 5.2 breeding period reduced
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CHAPTER 5.2 More specifically, the
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CHAPTER 5.2 The Flemish Veterinary
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CHAPTER 5.2 of milk and BCS and FA
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CHAPTER 5.2 Table 3. Effect of diet
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CHAPTER 5.2 Table 4. The effect of
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CHAPTER 5.2 Figure 2 (previous page
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FAME (g/100g) FAME (g/100g) CHAPTER
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CHAPTER 5.2 prepartum period. At th
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CHAPTER 5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR FERTIL
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CHAPTER 5.2 REFERENCES AbuGhazaleh,
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CHAPTER 5.2 supplementation on syst
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CHAPTER 5.2 Lucy, M. C., C. R. Stap
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CHAPTER 5.2 Petit, H. V. and C. Ben
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CHAPTER 5.2 Zachut, M., A. Arieli,
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MILK FAT SATURATION AND REPRODUCTIV
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Protein content (g/kg) Fat content
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Estimated CRFI MILK FAT SATURATION
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DIMFI (d) CVUFA % MILK FAT SATURATI
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DIMCONC (d) CVUFA (%) MILK FAT SATU
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GENERAL DISCUSSION The scope of the
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GENERAL DISCUSSION (Hogeveen, 2012)
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Milk Production (kg) Milk Productio
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GENERAL DISCUSSION First, researche
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GENERAL DISCUSSION FATTY ACID MOBIL
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Omental Fat Score GENERAL DISCUSSIO
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GENERAL DISCUSSION The main objecti
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Even though some
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Table 2. Overvie
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Figure 4. Fatty
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GENERAL DISCUSSION and 22:6n-3 were
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GENERAL DISCUSSION IMPLICATIONS FOR
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GENERAL DISCUSSION We found a nega
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GENERAL DISCUSSION fatty acid compo
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Castaneda-Gutier
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GENERAL DISCUSSION encapsulated (LE
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Friggens, N. C.,
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GENERAL DISCUSSION linoleic acid on
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Lucy, M. C., C.
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Nikkhah, A., J.
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Rajala, P. J. an
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Stengarde, L., K
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Wathes, D. C., D
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SUMMARY The time span during which
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SUMMARY correlation with PC2 was po
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SUMMARY reflected in CE and PL but
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SAMENVATTING
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SAMENVATTING Management Facilitiy).
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SAMENVATTING totale opbrengst als h
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SAMENVATTING van het OVZ-gehalte va
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CURRICULUM VITAE Miel Hostens werd
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BIBLIOGRAPHY INTERNATIONAL PAPERS D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY NATIONAL PAPERS Cools,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Hostens, M., L. Peelma
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BIBLIOGRAPHY in early lactating dai
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DANKWOORD Misschien is het niet zo
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DANKWOORD Alle collega’s van de b
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DANKWOORD De medewerkers van Unifor
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DANKWOORD Via een intense samenwerk
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DANKWOORD doe. Ook al komt er af en
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