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FEEDING MARINE ALGAE TO DAIRY COWS DURING TRANSITION explain the tendency for increased urea concentration measured in the serum of the ALG cows. A positive effect on blood energy parameters, in particular increased blood glucose (Ballou et al., 2009; Heravi Moussavi et al., 2007) and insulin (Heravi Moussavi et al., 2007) concentration as well as decreased BHBA (Ballou et al., 2009), was reported when supplementing 20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3. Supplementing 20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3 from fish meal (23.2 g/d, Heravi Moussavi et al., 2009) but not from fish oil (46.7 g/d, Ballou et al., 2009) was associated with increased milk yield. CORRELATION BETWEEN BLOOD AND FOLLICULAR FLUID BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE ENERGY BALANCE In the current trial, 20 d after calving, NEFA peaked in the serum but not in the FF (Figure 3) which is also reflected in the smaller coefficient of variation in follicular fluid (0.69) as compared with serum (0.83). Our results are similar to those of Leroy et al. (2004) and substantiate the probable existence of a protective mechanism of the follicular wall against high blood NEFA concentrations. However, this mechanism does not hold for the smaller molecule BHBA (molar mass 104.1 g/mol). Elevated follicular BHBA concentrations as observed in the current experiment are similar to those found under (sub-) ketotic conditions during NEBAL, which were mimicked in bovine in vitro maturation models by Leroy et al. (2006). They proved that these elevated BHBA concentrations, in particular when combined with low follicular glucose concentrations, which is also the case in the current experiment, are detrimental to the oocyte’s developmental capacity. Finally, the decrease of FF protein through ALG feeding should not be neglected. Even though the presence of protein seems necessary for normal in vitro fertilisation (Eckert and Niemann, 1995), changes in FF protein concentration did not affect developmental capacity of oocytes in beef heifers (Iwata et al., 2006). However, to the best of our knowledge the effect of FF protein levels on fertility of high yielding cows has not yet been reported. 149
CHAPTER 5.1 NUTRIENT SPARING AND REDIRECTION THROUGH MFD : A CALORIC AND METABOLIC APPROACH In the present trial, a daily ME sparing effect of 3.48 MCal was obtained due to the MFD of 313 g/d (11 MCal/kg milk fat, Dado et al., 1993). Assuming an ME requirement for lactose and protein production of 5.11 MCal/kg and 6.43 MCal/kg respectively (Dado et al., 1993), the ME sparing of 3.48 MCal theoretically could lead to an increase in milk yield of 7.43 kg/d which is higher than the 3 kg/d increase observed in our current experiment (Table 6). This most probably is due to a limiting nutrient availability in early lactation (Drackley et al., 2001). Therefore, calculation of nutrient availability (e.g. glucose) and requirement possibly is a better approach (Dado et al., 1993) to explain differences in milk yield. The two main substrates required for milk fat synthesis are acetate (62%) and propionate (26%; Dado et al., 1993). The molar mass of milk fat was calculated based on the FA profile respectively to 786 g/mol and 793 g/mol for CON and ALG. In the current trial, milk fat production is decreased by 0.411 mol of milk fat due to the MFD which saves 6.47 mol of acetate, 2.71 mol of propionate, 0.205 mol of glycerol, 0.476 mol of LCFA and 0.3 mol of BHBA (Dado et al., 1993; Table 6). The fate of excess propionate might be easy to follow as hepatic gluconeogenesis lags behind in early lactation due to a lack of substrate (Drackley et al., 2001, Overton et al., 1999). Assuming an overall turnover efficiency of propionate via glucose to lactose of 0.55 (Lemosquet et al., 2009), theoretically the extra supply of 2.71 mol of propionate could be converted into 0.414 mol of lactose. As milk volume and lactose production are linked via an osmotic pressure mechanism (Linzell and Peaker, 1971), this could lead to an increased milk yield of 2.95 kg/d (48 g lactose/kg milk) which meets the 3.00 kg/d increase in milk production as observed in the present study. Until now, research has not been able to clarify the pathway by which the unused acetate and LCFA are metabolized when milk fat is depressed. Although not quantified in early lactating dairy cows, increased lipogenesis seems the most plausible route (Harvatine et al., 2009). Even though small when compared to the contribution of propionate, glycerol has been described to contribute 0.15 to 0.20 of the glucose demand at d 4 post partum (Bell, 1995). The MFD in the current trial saved 0.205 mol of glycerol (molar mass: 92.1 g/mol) daily which equals 18.9 g/d of glycerol. 150
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Health and fertility challenges in
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Health and Fertility Challenges in
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIAT
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION Modified from:
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CHAPTER 1 Table 1. List of bioactiv
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Milk production per lactation (kg)
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CHAPTER 1 availability in the diet
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CHAPTER 1 Chagas, L. M., J. J. Bass
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CHAPTER 1 Goff, J. P. and R. L. Hor
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CHAPTER 1 Lucy, M. C. 2008. Functio
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CHAPTER 1 UNPD. 2010. World populat
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THE FABULOUS DESTINY OF FATTY ACIDS
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Intestinal digestibility (%) THE FA
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AIMS
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HEALTH CHALLENGES IN HIGH YIELDING
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LACTATION CURVE ANALYSIS IN METABOL
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CHAPTER 4.1 and interrelationships
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CHAPTER 4.1 GmbH, Unterschleißheim
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CHAPTER 4.1 analysis, all animals w
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Survival distribution function CHAP
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Milk production (kg) CHAPTER 4.1 wa
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CHAPTER 4.1 Complicated twinning (T
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CHAPTER 4.1 Table 5. The effect of
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CHAPTER 4.1 In most studies a posit
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CHAPTER 4.1 reported a positive and
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CHAPTER 4.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The au
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CHAPTER 4.1 Detilleux, J. C., Y. T.
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CHAPTER 4.1 Hosmer, D.W., and S. Le
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Page 112: THE FATTY ACID PROFILE OF SUBCUTANE
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Page 124 and 125: Fatty acid (g/100 g FA) Fatty acid
Page 138: THE USE OF DIETARY FATTY ACIDS DURI
Page 142 and 143: FEEDING MARINE ALGAE TO DAIRY COWS
Page 168: FEEDING MARINE ALGAE TO DAIRY COWS
Page 174: FEEDING OMEGA-6 AND OMEGA-3 FATTY A
Page 177 and 178: CHAPTER 5.2 breeding period reduced
Page 179 and 180: CHAPTER 5.2 More specifically, the
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 5.2 The Flemish Veterinary
Page 183 and 184: CHAPTER 5.2 of milk and BCS and FA
Page 185 and 186: CHAPTER 5.2 Table 3. Effect of diet
Page 187 and 188: CHAPTER 5.2 Table 4. The effect of
Page 189 and 190: CHAPTER 5.2 Figure 2 (previous page
Page 191 and 192: FAME (g/100g) FAME (g/100g) CHAPTER
Page 193 and 194: CHAPTER 5.2 prepartum period. At th
Page 195 and 196: CHAPTER 5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR FERTIL
Page 197 and 198: CHAPTER 5.2 REFERENCES AbuGhazaleh,
Page 199 and 200: CHAPTER 5.2 supplementation on syst
Page 201 and 202: CHAPTER 5.2 Lucy, M. C., C. R. Stap
Page 203 and 204: CHAPTER 5.2 Petit, H. V. and C. Ben
Page 205: CHAPTER 5.2 Zachut, M., A. Arieli,
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MILK FAT SATURATION AND REPRODUCTIV
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Protein content (g/kg) Fat content
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Estimated CRFI MILK FAT SATURATION
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DIMFI (d) CVUFA % MILK FAT SATURATI
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DIMCONC (d) CVUFA (%) MILK FAT SATU
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GENERAL DISCUSSION The scope of the
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GENERAL DISCUSSION (Hogeveen, 2012)
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Milk Production (kg) Milk Productio
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GENERAL DISCUSSION First, researche
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GENERAL DISCUSSION FATTY ACID MOBIL
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Omental Fat Score GENERAL DISCUSSIO
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GENERAL DISCUSSION The main objecti
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Even though some
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Table 2. Overvie
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Figure 4. Fatty
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GENERAL DISCUSSION and 22:6n-3 were
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GENERAL DISCUSSION IMPLICATIONS FOR
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GENERAL DISCUSSION We found a nega
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GENERAL DISCUSSION fatty acid compo
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Castaneda-Gutier
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GENERAL DISCUSSION encapsulated (LE
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Friggens, N. C.,
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GENERAL DISCUSSION linoleic acid on
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Lucy, M. C., C.
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Nikkhah, A., J.
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Rajala, P. J. an
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Stengarde, L., K
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Wathes, D. C., D
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SUMMARY The time span during which
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SUMMARY correlation with PC2 was po
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SUMMARY reflected in CE and PL but
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SAMENVATTING
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SAMENVATTING Management Facilitiy).
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SAMENVATTING totale opbrengst als h
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SAMENVATTING van het OVZ-gehalte va
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CURRICULUM VITAE Miel Hostens werd
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BIBLIOGRAPHY INTERNATIONAL PAPERS D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY NATIONAL PAPERS Cools,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Hostens, M., L. Peelma
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BIBLIOGRAPHY in early lactating dai
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DANKWOORD Misschien is het niet zo
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DANKWOORD Alle collega’s van de b
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DANKWOORD De medewerkers van Unifor
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DANKWOORD Via een intense samenwerk
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DANKWOORD doe. Ook al komt er af en
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