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GENERAL DISCUSSION The main objective of the study in Chapter 5.1 was to induce a MFD in early lactation with concomitant registration of NEBAL indicators. We were able to induce a MFD of 21% which is in accordance with other studies (Franklin et al., 1999; Boeckaert et al., 2008). As discussed in Chapter 5.1, studies simultaneously reporting metabolic parameters are scarce, especially those using marine products in early lactation. Moreover, different types of marine products such as fish meal (Heravi Moussavi et al., 2007), fish oil (FO: Mattos et al., 2004; Ballou et al., 2009) or FO on a carrier (Kupczynski et al., 2011), and the differences in daily supplementation of 20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3 (e.g. Mattos et al., 2004: 128g/d vs Ballou et al., 2009: 46.7g/d) make it difficult to compare production responses and blood metabolites. Literature on the effect of trans-10, cis-12 CLA on the energy status in early lactating dairy cows is more abundant (Table 1). Even though higher doses of milk fat depressing isomers of trans-10, cis-12 CLA are needed in early lactation (Moore et al., 2004; Kay et al., 2006), the response in milk fat content and yield is consistently depressed (de Veth et al., 2004) which is in contrast with the variable milk yield response during MFD (Table 1). Generally, the milk yield was increased in pasture based production systems during MFD (Kay et al., 2006; Medeiros et al., 2010; Hutchinson et al., 2012). In TMR based systems, both increased (de Veth et al., 2006; Odens et al., 2007; Moallem et al., 2010) and equal (Moore et al., 2004; Castaneda- Gutierrez et al., 2005; von Soosten et al., 2011) milk yields have been observed during MFD. The differences in milk yield response might explain why merely 3 studies (Table 2) have demonstrated an improved calculated EBAL during MFD (Kay et al., 2006; Kay et al., 2007; Odens et al., 2007). We demonstrated in Chapter 5.1 that a metabolic approach to MFD based on nutrient requirement per mole of milk fat, though induced by supplementing 22:6n-3 in our study, might be more appropriate than a caloric approach when trying to estimate the increase in milk yield following a MFD. We showed that the increased milk production is most likely caused by a propionate saving effect, while the increased concentration of one metabolite (BHBA in FF) might not always be attributed to a worsened energy status of the animals, but rather can be seen as a leftover metabolite when de novo milk fat synthesis is depressed. 243
GENERAL DISCUSSION An increased BHBA level has been shown in cows >63 DIM during MFD (Bernal- Santos et al., 2003). As shown in Table 2, until now only 1 study has been able to successfully ameliorate the metabolic energy status in early lactating dairy cows (Odens et al., 2007). More recent studies have however reported an unexplained lower body weight increase (Moallem et al., 2010) and lower back-fat thickness (von Soosten et al., 2011) during MFD. Castaneda-Gutiérrez et al. (2007) were the first to demonstrate an increased IGF-I concentration in plasma during MFD, the latter being brought forward to explain the overall improved reproductive performance in the multi-study analysis from de Veth et al. (2009) on trans-10, cis-12 CLA supplementation. The approach of altered signaling metabolites such as IGF-I was suggested to explain enhanced reproduction as new studies failed to repeat the results of Odens et al. (2007) indicating an improved energetic status. Table 1. Overview of published literature on production response to trans-10, cis-12 CLA supplementation in dairy cows. Reference DIM 1 Milk 2 Fat 3 Protein Yield FCM Energy Cont Yield Cont Yield TMR and PMR 4 – based designs Bernal-Santos et al., 2003 -14 - 140 - 5 - -12.5 - - - Moore et al., 2004 -10 - 21 - -32.2 -30.0 - - Perfield et al., 2004 78 - -27.6 22.0 (+1.18) 8.49 Castaneda-Gutierrez et al., 2005 -21 - 63 - -11.3 -19.4 -21.2 - - de Veth et al., 2006 112 +3.27 -22.0 -19.6 - +2.56 Castaneda-Gutierrez et al., 2007 20 - 56 - - - - - - Odens et al., 2007 -9 – 40 +7.51 - -26.0 -22.6 - - Moallem et al., 2010 21 - 100 +4.66 -3.85 -3.48 -12.5 -8.93 -3.25 - von Soosten et al., 2011 -21 – 41 - - - -14.1 - - - von Soosten et al., 2011 42 - 105 - - - -25.4 -17.1 -10.4 - Pappritz et al., 2012 1 - 49 +1.64 - -4.29 - - - Pasture – based designs Mackle et al., 2003 80 +11.2 -42.6 -36.1 - - Kay et al., 2006 -27-36 - -29.6 -29.4 - - Kay et al., 2007 204 - -43.2 -43.5 +7.25 +5.77 Medeiros et al., 2010 28 - 84 +7.24 - -26.2 -20.4 +11.5 +19.4 Hutchinson et al., 2012 0 - 60 +10.1 - - -16.8 -7.69 -4.88 - 1 Days In Milk at the start and the end of supplementation. Single DIM indicate start of factorial design. 2 FCM: Fat Corrected Milk; Energy: Milk Energy Output. 3 Content (g/kg) and yield (g/d) of milk components 4 Total Mixed Ration and Partially Mixed Ration 5 Parameter was increased (↑), decreased (↓) or equal(-) compared with control; tendency indicated between brackets. When parameter was not measured, cell was left blank. 244
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Health and fertility challenges in
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Health and Fertility Challenges in
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIAT
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION Modified from:
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CHAPTER 1 Table 1. List of bioactiv
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Milk production per lactation (kg)
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CHAPTER 1 availability in the diet
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CHAPTER 1 Chagas, L. M., J. J. Bass
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CHAPTER 1 Goff, J. P. and R. L. Hor
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CHAPTER 1 Lucy, M. C. 2008. Functio
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CHAPTER 1 UNPD. 2010. World populat
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THE FABULOUS DESTINY OF FATTY ACIDS
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Intestinal digestibility (%) THE FA
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AIMS
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HEALTH CHALLENGES IN HIGH YIELDING
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LACTATION CURVE ANALYSIS IN METABOL
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CHAPTER 4.1 and interrelationships
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CHAPTER 4.1 GmbH, Unterschleißheim
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CHAPTER 4.1 analysis, all animals w
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Survival distribution function CHAP
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Milk production (kg) CHAPTER 4.1 wa
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CHAPTER 4.1 Complicated twinning (T
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CHAPTER 4.1 Table 5. The effect of
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CHAPTER 4.1 In most studies a posit
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CHAPTER 4.1 reported a positive and
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CHAPTER 4.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The au
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CHAPTER 4.1 Detilleux, J. C., Y. T.
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CHAPTER 4.1 Hosmer, D.W., and S. Le
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CHAPTER 4.1 Rajala-Schultz, P. J.,
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THE FATTY ACID PROFILE OF SUBCUTANE
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Fatty acid (g/100 g FA) Fatty acid
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THE USE OF DIETARY FATTY ACIDS DURI
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FEEDING MARINE ALGAE TO DAIRY COWS
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FEEDING OMEGA-6 AND OMEGA-3 FATTY A
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CHAPTER 5.2 breeding period reduced
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CHAPTER 5.2 More specifically, the
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CHAPTER 5.2 The Flemish Veterinary
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CHAPTER 5.2 of milk and BCS and FA
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CHAPTER 5.2 Table 3. Effect of diet
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CHAPTER 5.2 Figure 2 (previous page
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FAME (g/100g) FAME (g/100g) CHAPTER
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CHAPTER 5.2 prepartum period. At th
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CHAPTER 5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR FERTIL
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CHAPTER 5.2 REFERENCES AbuGhazaleh,
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CHAPTER 5.2 supplementation on syst
Page 201 and 202: CHAPTER 5.2 Lucy, M. C., C. R. Stap
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Page 205: CHAPTER 5.2 Zachut, M., A. Arieli,
Page 210: MILK FAT SATURATION AND REPRODUCTIV
Page 214 and 215: MILK FAT SATURATION AND REPRODUCTIV
Page 218 and 219: Protein content (g/kg) Fat content
Page 220 and 221: Estimated CRFI MILK FAT SATURATION
Page 222 and 223: DIMFI (d) CVUFA % MILK FAT SATURATI
Page 224 and 225: DIMCONC (d) CVUFA (%) MILK FAT SATU
Page 234: MILK FAT SATURATION AND REPRODUCTIV
Page 240 and 241: GENERAL DISCUSSION The scope of the
Page 242 and 243: GENERAL DISCUSSION (Hogeveen, 2012)
Page 244 and 245: Milk Production (kg) Milk Productio
Page 246 and 247: GENERAL DISCUSSION First, researche
Page 248 and 249: GENERAL DISCUSSION FATTY ACID MOBIL
Page 250 and 251: Omental Fat Score GENERAL DISCUSSIO
Page 254 and 255: GENERAL DISCUSSION Even though some
Page 256 and 257: GENERAL DISCUSSION Table 2. Overvie
Page 258 and 259: GENERAL DISCUSSION Figure 4. Fatty
Page 260 and 261: GENERAL DISCUSSION and 22:6n-3 were
Page 262 and 263: GENERAL DISCUSSION IMPLICATIONS FOR
Page 264 and 265: GENERAL DISCUSSION We found a nega
Page 266 and 267: GENERAL DISCUSSION fatty acid compo
Page 268 and 269: GENERAL DISCUSSION Castaneda-Gutier
Page 270 and 271: GENERAL DISCUSSION encapsulated (LE
Page 272 and 273: GENERAL DISCUSSION Friggens, N. C.,
Page 274 and 275: GENERAL DISCUSSION linoleic acid on
Page 276 and 277: GENERAL DISCUSSION Lucy, M. C., C.
Page 278 and 279: GENERAL DISCUSSION Nikkhah, A., J.
Page 280 and 281: GENERAL DISCUSSION Rajala, P. J. an
Page 282 and 283: GENERAL DISCUSSION Stengarde, L., K
Page 284: GENERAL DISCUSSION Wathes, D. C., D
Page 290 and 291: SUMMARY The time span during which
Page 292 and 293: SUMMARY correlation with PC2 was po
Page 294 and 295: SUMMARY reflected in CE and PL but
Page 298: SAMENVATTING
Page 301 and 302: SAMENVATTING Management Facilitiy).
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SAMENVATTING totale opbrengst als h
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SAMENVATTING van het OVZ-gehalte va
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CURRICULUM VITAE Miel Hostens werd
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BIBLIOGRAPHY INTERNATIONAL PAPERS D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY NATIONAL PAPERS Cools,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Hostens, M., L. Peelma
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BIBLIOGRAPHY in early lactating dai
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DANKWOORD Misschien is het niet zo
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DANKWOORD Alle collega’s van de b
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DANKWOORD De medewerkers van Unifor
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DANKWOORD Via een intense samenwerk
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DANKWOORD doe. Ook al komt er af en
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