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FEEDING MARINE ALGAE TO DAIRY COWS DURING TRANSITION well as time, parity and the interaction between time and treatment. Repeated measures (d) within the cow were taken into account by adding cow as random effect. All variables were subjected to the autoregressive order 1 (AR(1)) covariance structure as determined by the Schwarz’s Bayesian criterion and Akaike’s information criterion (best fit closest to 0). Significance and tendency were declared at P < 0.05 and 0.05 andard errors unless indicated otherwise. Pearson correlations (r) were calculated using the CORR procedure of SAS (Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA, 2010) for metabolites within and between the serum and FF. RESULTS The prefaced duration of prepartum concentrate feeding of 14 d eventually extended to 20 d due to unpredictable differences between the expected and actual calving date of the cows. The prepartum supplementation period did not differ between treatments (ALG: 23 d ± 4 SD, CON: 17 d ± 6 SD) and parity (PRIM: 19 d ± 9 SD, MULT: 21 d ± 4 SD; P > 0.05). ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS The BCS did not significantly differ between the ALG (3.02 ± 0.05 SD) and CON (2.98 ± 0.08 SD, P > 0.05) during the experiment. The BCS was dependent of time relative to calving decreasing from calving to its nadir in week 5 post partum (P < 0.001). No interaction was found between treatment and week. MILK PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS Effect of algae supplementation on weekly milk production characteristics are presented in Table 2. ALG supplementation increased milk yield (P = 0.054), whereas milk fat yield (P = 0.007) and milk fat content (P = 0.015) decreased. Protein yield (P = 0.465) and FPCM (P = 0.192) was not affected by ALG supplementation whereas a tendency for reduced milk protein content (P = 0.097) was observed (Table 2). The number of daily milkings per cow in the automated voluntary milking system did not differ between treatments (P = 0.229). Dietary effects on milk production characteristics were independent of week after parturition (treatment x time, P > 0.1; Table 2) although dietary effects were small during the first two weeks of lactation. 141
CHAPTER 5.1 Table 2. Effect of dietary treatment on production characteristics, compostion of milk in the first 12 weeks of lactation and BCS (n=16) Treatment 1 P-value Item CON ALG SEM 2 Treatment Tr x Ti Time Milk, kg/d 38.2 3 41.2 1.08 0.054 0.139
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Health and fertility challenges in
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Health and Fertility Challenges in
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIAT
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION Modified from:
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CHAPTER 1 Table 1. List of bioactiv
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Milk production per lactation (kg)
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CHAPTER 1 availability in the diet
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CHAPTER 1 Chagas, L. M., J. J. Bass
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CHAPTER 1 Goff, J. P. and R. L. Hor
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CHAPTER 1 Lucy, M. C. 2008. Functio
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CHAPTER 1 UNPD. 2010. World populat
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THE FABULOUS DESTINY OF FATTY ACIDS
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Intestinal digestibility (%) THE FA
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AIMS
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HEALTH CHALLENGES IN HIGH YIELDING
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LACTATION CURVE ANALYSIS IN METABOL
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CHAPTER 4.1 and interrelationships
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CHAPTER 4.1 GmbH, Unterschleißheim
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CHAPTER 4.1 analysis, all animals w
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Survival distribution function CHAP
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Milk production (kg) CHAPTER 4.1 wa
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CHAPTER 4.1 Complicated twinning (T
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CHAPTER 4.1 Table 5. The effect of
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CHAPTER 4.1 In most studies a posit
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Page 101 and 102: CHAPTER 4.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The au
Page 103 and 104: CHAPTER 4.1 Detilleux, J. C., Y. T.
Page 105 and 106: CHAPTER 4.1 Hosmer, D.W., and S. Le
Page 107 and 108: CHAPTER 4.1 Rajala-Schultz, P. J.,
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Page 124 and 125: Fatty acid (g/100 g FA) Fatty acid
Page 138: THE USE OF DIETARY FATTY ACIDS DURI
Page 142 and 143: FEEDING MARINE ALGAE TO DAIRY COWS
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Page 174: FEEDING OMEGA-6 AND OMEGA-3 FATTY A
Page 177 and 178: CHAPTER 5.2 breeding period reduced
Page 179 and 180: CHAPTER 5.2 More specifically, the
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 5.2 The Flemish Veterinary
Page 183 and 184: CHAPTER 5.2 of milk and BCS and FA
Page 185 and 186: CHAPTER 5.2 Table 3. Effect of diet
Page 187 and 188: CHAPTER 5.2 Table 4. The effect of
Page 189 and 190: CHAPTER 5.2 Figure 2 (previous page
Page 191 and 192: FAME (g/100g) FAME (g/100g) CHAPTER
Page 193 and 194: CHAPTER 5.2 prepartum period. At th
Page 195 and 196: CHAPTER 5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR FERTIL
Page 197 and 198: CHAPTER 5.2 REFERENCES AbuGhazaleh,
Page 199 and 200: CHAPTER 5.2 supplementation on syst
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CHAPTER 5.2 Lucy, M. C., C. R. Stap
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CHAPTER 5.2 Petit, H. V. and C. Ben
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CHAPTER 5.2 Zachut, M., A. Arieli,
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MILK FAT SATURATION AND REPRODUCTIV
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Protein content (g/kg) Fat content
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Estimated CRFI MILK FAT SATURATION
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DIMFI (d) CVUFA % MILK FAT SATURATI
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DIMCONC (d) CVUFA (%) MILK FAT SATU
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GENERAL DISCUSSION The scope of the
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GENERAL DISCUSSION (Hogeveen, 2012)
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Milk Production (kg) Milk Productio
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GENERAL DISCUSSION First, researche
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GENERAL DISCUSSION FATTY ACID MOBIL
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Omental Fat Score GENERAL DISCUSSIO
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GENERAL DISCUSSION The main objecti
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Even though some
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Table 2. Overvie
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Figure 4. Fatty
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GENERAL DISCUSSION and 22:6n-3 were
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GENERAL DISCUSSION IMPLICATIONS FOR
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GENERAL DISCUSSION We found a nega
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GENERAL DISCUSSION fatty acid compo
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Castaneda-Gutier
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GENERAL DISCUSSION encapsulated (LE
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Friggens, N. C.,
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GENERAL DISCUSSION linoleic acid on
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Lucy, M. C., C.
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Nikkhah, A., J.
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Rajala, P. J. an
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Stengarde, L., K
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Wathes, D. C., D
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SUMMARY The time span during which
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SUMMARY correlation with PC2 was po
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SUMMARY reflected in CE and PL but
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SAMENVATTING
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SAMENVATTING Management Facilitiy).
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SAMENVATTING totale opbrengst als h
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SAMENVATTING van het OVZ-gehalte va
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CURRICULUM VITAE Miel Hostens werd
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BIBLIOGRAPHY INTERNATIONAL PAPERS D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY NATIONAL PAPERS Cools,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Hostens, M., L. Peelma
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BIBLIOGRAPHY in early lactating dai
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DANKWOORD Misschien is het niet zo
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DANKWOORD Alle collega’s van de b
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DANKWOORD De medewerkers van Unifor
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DANKWOORD Via een intense samenwerk
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DANKWOORD doe. Ook al komt er af en
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