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FEEDING MARINE ALGAE TO DAIRY COWS DURING TRANSITION et al., 1994) supply in the total ration as calculated for the CON. For PRIM and MULT cows this was calculated to be respectively 0.81 kg Glucolac 21, 1.17 kg Aminolac 38 Extra®, 2 kg marine algae and 2.81 kg Glucolac 21, 1.17 kg Aminolac 38 Extra and 2 kg marine algae at 21 d. Table 1. Ingredient composition of concentrates used in the experiment ALG AMINOLAC 4 GLUCOLAC 5 Chemical composition, g/kg of DM Dry matter 890.0 890.0 890.0 Crude ash 46.0 110.0 70.0 Crude protein 198.0 390.5 217.5 Crude fat 82.0 42.0 42.5 VEM 1 (/kg of DM) 1,148.00 930.00 960.00 DVE 2 139.00 200.00 115.00 Ingredient, g/kg of product Rapeseed meal 96.0 150.0 300.0 Rapseed hulls 150.0 Soybean hulls 3 210.0 Corn middlings 110.0 Corn gluten feed 96.0 Wheat middlings 110.0 Beet vinasse 20.0 90.0 Wheat 192.0 80.0 Toasted soybean expeller 55.0 600.0 61.0 Citrus pulp 30.0 Formaldehyde treated soybean meal 53.0 Sunflower expeller 40.0 Palmseed hulls 8.0 Palm oil 2.0 4.0 Beet pulp 288.0 Beet molasse 67.0 Alfalfa pellets DHA Gold 4 110.0 Other components 43.0 38.0 1 Voeder Eenheid Melk (Van Es, 1978) 2 Darm Verteerbaar Eiwit (Tamminga et al., 1994) 3 Martek DHA gold, Martek Biosciences Corp., Colombia, MD 4 Aminolac 38 Extra, AVEVE Group, Merksem, Belgium 5 Glucolac 21, AVEVE Group, Merksem, Belgium BODY CONDITION SCORING Body condition scores were recorded weekly by the same person using a score on a 1-5 scale, with 0.25 increments (Edmonson et al., 1989) from the week before the expected calving day until week 12 after parturition. 137
CHAPTER 5.1 SAMPLING The planned day of prepartum blood samples on d 10 before parturition (d-10) differed from the actual collection day (d-13 ± 4.5 SD) due to unpredictable differences between the expected and actual calving date of the cows. Postpartum samples were taken on d 0, d 11, d 14, d 20, d 26, d 33, d 40 and d 46 following parturition. Blood samples were taken from the coccygeal vein (sample was discarded when arterial blood was observed) into 3 unheparinised, silicone coated tubes (Venoject, Autosep, Gel + Clot. Act.; Terumo Europe N.V., Leuven, Belgium), 2 tubes with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA; Venoject, Autosep, Terumo Europe N.V., Leuven, Belgium), and 1 tube with sodium fluoride (NaF, glycolytic inhibitor; Venoject, Autosep, Terumo Europe N.V., Leuven, Belgium). Follicular fluid was collected on d 14, d 20, d 26, d 33, d 40 and d 46 by means of transvaginal aspiration following the protocol described by Leroy et al. (2004). The follicles with a diameter greater than 8 mm were aspirated in order to minimize size effects on FF composition (Leroy et al., 2008). Attention was paid to prevent blood contamination. Follicular fluid samples with obvious blood contamination were omitted from further processing. All blood and follicular samples were transported to the laboratory at 4 °C. Within 1.5 hours after collection, samples were centrifuged (20 min at 1,500 x g). Serum and plasma samples were stored at -20 °C, FF samples at -80 °C until biochemical analysis. Milk samples were taken weekly starting on d 5 after parturition during 12 consecutive weeks. After proportionally pooling all milk samples from one day according to milk yield, subsamples were mixed with a preservative (8 mg bronopol and 0.3 mg natamycine) and sent refrigerated (4 °C) to the Milk Control Centre of Flanders (Melk Controle Centrum Vlaanderen, Lier, Belgium) for milk fat and protein analysis. A second milk sample was stored frozen prior to milk fat extraction for milk FA determination. CHEMICAL ANALYSES Analysis of chemical composition of concentrates consisted of determination of DM (European Economic Community 1971a), crude ash by incineration (550°C, 2h; European Economic Community 1971b), crude protein according to the Kjeldahl method 138
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Health and fertility challenges in
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Health and Fertility Challenges in
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIAT
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION Modified from:
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CHAPTER 1 Table 1. List of bioactiv
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Milk production per lactation (kg)
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CHAPTER 1 availability in the diet
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CHAPTER 1 Chagas, L. M., J. J. Bass
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CHAPTER 1 Goff, J. P. and R. L. Hor
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CHAPTER 1 Lucy, M. C. 2008. Functio
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CHAPTER 1 UNPD. 2010. World populat
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THE FABULOUS DESTINY OF FATTY ACIDS
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Intestinal digestibility (%) THE FA
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AIMS
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HEALTH CHALLENGES IN HIGH YIELDING
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LACTATION CURVE ANALYSIS IN METABOL
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CHAPTER 4.1 and interrelationships
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CHAPTER 4.1 GmbH, Unterschleißheim
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CHAPTER 4.1 analysis, all animals w
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Survival distribution function CHAP
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Milk production (kg) CHAPTER 4.1 wa
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CHAPTER 4.1 Complicated twinning (T
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CHAPTER 4.1 Table 5. The effect of
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Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 4.1 Table 10. The effect of
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 4.1 In most studies a posit
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER 4.1 reported a positive and
Page 101 and 102: CHAPTER 4.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The au
Page 103 and 104: CHAPTER 4.1 Detilleux, J. C., Y. T.
Page 105 and 106: CHAPTER 4.1 Hosmer, D.W., and S. Le
Page 107 and 108: CHAPTER 4.1 Rajala-Schultz, P. J.,
Page 112: THE FATTY ACID PROFILE OF SUBCUTANE
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Page 124 and 125: Fatty acid (g/100 g FA) Fatty acid
Page 138: THE USE OF DIETARY FATTY ACIDS DURI
Page 142 and 143: FEEDING MARINE ALGAE TO DAIRY COWS
Page 168: FEEDING MARINE ALGAE TO DAIRY COWS
Page 174: FEEDING OMEGA-6 AND OMEGA-3 FATTY A
Page 177 and 178: CHAPTER 5.2 breeding period reduced
Page 179 and 180: CHAPTER 5.2 More specifically, the
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 5.2 The Flemish Veterinary
Page 183 and 184: CHAPTER 5.2 of milk and BCS and FA
Page 185 and 186: CHAPTER 5.2 Table 3. Effect of diet
Page 187 and 188: CHAPTER 5.2 Table 4. The effect of
Page 189 and 190: CHAPTER 5.2 Figure 2 (previous page
Page 191 and 192: FAME (g/100g) FAME (g/100g) CHAPTER
Page 193 and 194: CHAPTER 5.2 prepartum period. At th
Page 195 and 196: CHAPTER 5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR FERTIL
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CHAPTER 5.2 REFERENCES AbuGhazaleh,
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CHAPTER 5.2 supplementation on syst
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CHAPTER 5.2 Lucy, M. C., C. R. Stap
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CHAPTER 5.2 Petit, H. V. and C. Ben
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CHAPTER 5.2 Zachut, M., A. Arieli,
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MILK FAT SATURATION AND REPRODUCTIV
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Protein content (g/kg) Fat content
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Estimated CRFI MILK FAT SATURATION
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DIMFI (d) CVUFA % MILK FAT SATURATI
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DIMCONC (d) CVUFA (%) MILK FAT SATU
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GENERAL DISCUSSION The scope of the
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GENERAL DISCUSSION (Hogeveen, 2012)
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Milk Production (kg) Milk Productio
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GENERAL DISCUSSION First, researche
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GENERAL DISCUSSION FATTY ACID MOBIL
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Omental Fat Score GENERAL DISCUSSIO
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GENERAL DISCUSSION The main objecti
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Even though some
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Table 2. Overvie
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Figure 4. Fatty
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GENERAL DISCUSSION and 22:6n-3 were
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GENERAL DISCUSSION IMPLICATIONS FOR
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GENERAL DISCUSSION We found a nega
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GENERAL DISCUSSION fatty acid compo
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Castaneda-Gutier
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GENERAL DISCUSSION encapsulated (LE
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Friggens, N. C.,
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GENERAL DISCUSSION linoleic acid on
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Lucy, M. C., C.
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Nikkhah, A., J.
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Rajala, P. J. an
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Stengarde, L., K
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GENERAL DISCUSSION Wathes, D. C., D
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SUMMARY The time span during which
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SUMMARY correlation with PC2 was po
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SUMMARY reflected in CE and PL but
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SAMENVATTING
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SAMENVATTING Management Facilitiy).
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SAMENVATTING totale opbrengst als h
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SAMENVATTING van het OVZ-gehalte va
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CURRICULUM VITAE Miel Hostens werd
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BIBLIOGRAPHY INTERNATIONAL PAPERS D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY NATIONAL PAPERS Cools,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Hostens, M., L. Peelma
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BIBLIOGRAPHY in early lactating dai
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DANKWOORD Misschien is het niet zo
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DANKWOORD Alle collega’s van de b
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DANKWOORD De medewerkers van Unifor
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DANKWOORD Via een intense samenwerk
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DANKWOORD doe. Ook al komt er af en
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