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ASSOCIATION NOMENCLATURE The names of dominant and diagnostic species are the foundation of the association names. Species occurring in the same stratum are separated by a hyphen ( - ), and those occurring in different strata are separated by a slash ( / ). Species occurring in the uppermost strata are listed first, followed successively by those in lower strata. Within the same stratum, the order of species names generally reflects decreasing levels of dominance or characteristic value. In physiognomic types where there is a dominant herbaceous layer with a scattered woody layer, association names can be based on species found in the herbaceous layer and/or the woody layer, whichever is more diagnostic of the type. Species less consistently found in all occurrences of the association are placed in parentheses. In cases where a particular genus is dominant or diagnostic, but individual species of the genus may vary among occurrences, only the specific epithets are placed in parentheses. The lowest possible number of species is used in an association name. The use of up to six species is permitted to define types with very diverse vegetation, relatively even dominance, and variable total composition. Association names also include the class in which they are classified (e.g., Forest, Shrubland). Over time, and with better descriptions and keys, it would be desirable to shorten the names to a few key species. Nomenclature for vascular plant species follows the nationally standardized list of Kartesz (1999), with very few exceptions. Nomenclature for the various nonvascular plant groups follows Anderson (1990), Anderson et al. (1990), Egan (1987, 1989, 1990), Esslinger and Egan (1995), and Stotler and Crandall-Stotler (1977). In cases where diagnostic species are unknown or in question, a more general term is currently allowed as a “placeholder,” e.g., Pinus banksiana - (Quercus ellipsoidalis) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Prairie Forbs Wooded Herbaceous Vegetation. An environmental, geographical, or other term describing the association can also be included in the association name when such a term is necessary to adequately characterize the association. For reasons of standardization and brevity, however, this is kept to a minimum. Examples are: Quercus alba / Carex pensylvanica - Carex ouachitana Dwarf Forest, Cephalanthus occidentalis / Carex spp. Northern Shrubland. When confidence in the circumscription of the association is low, especially in cases where the association represents a large, heterogeneous group of stands that is unlikely to remain a single association following analysis of additional data, the association name is followed by the term “[Placeholder]”. Examples of association names: Pinus banksiana / Vaccinium spp. / Pleurozium schreberi Forest Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica / Schizachyrium scoparium Woodland Alnus incana Swamp Shrubland Quercus macrocarpa - (Quercus alba, Quercus velutina) / Andropogon gerardii Wooded Herbaceous Vegetation Andropogon gerardii - Hesperostipa spartea - Sporobolus heterolepis Herbaceous Vegetation Inevitably, names only partially describe the vegetation of a type. Some stands that fit a type may not contain all of the species listed in the name. Others may have species that are more dominant than any of the species in the name. Over time, the descriptions will better reflect these kinds of variations. Vegetation keys will also help provide a more structured means to place stands into a type. PLANT COMMUNITIES OF THE MIDWEST – 2001. APPENDIX: ASSOCIATION DESCRIPTIONS 6
INDEX TO ASSOCIATIONS BY ECOLOGICAL GROUP 1. WETLANDS - NON TIDAL 1.1. ACID PEATLANDS 1.1.1. Northern (Laurentian) Acid Peatlands 1.1.1.1. Northern Conifer Bogs and Poor Swamps Larix laricina / Photinia melanocarpa / Sphagnum spp. Forest...........................................................................................................................20 1.1.1.2. Northern Shrub/Graminoid Bogs and Poor Fens Chamaedaphne calyculata / Carex oligosperma - Eriophorum virginicum Dwarf-shrubland.............................................................................30 Vaccinium corymbosum - Gaylussacia baccata - Photinia melanocarpa / Calla palustris Shrubland .................................................................35 1.2. RICH PEAT FENS 1.2.1. Northern (Laurentian) Rich Fens 1.2.1.3. Northeastern Rich Fens Cornus sericea - Cornus amomum - Photinia melanocarpa - Viburnum lentago Fen Shrubland ........................................................................51 Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda / Carex interior - Carex flava - Sarracenia purpurea Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation...................................52 1.2.2. Midwestern Rich Fens 1.2.2.1. Midwestern Prairie Rich Fens Cornus amomum - Salix spp. - Toxicodendron vernix - Rhamnus lanceolata Fen Shrubland............................................................................57 Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda / Carex sterilis - Andropogon gerardii - Arnoglossum plantagineum Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation.........58 1.3. SEEPS 1.3.2. Midwestern Seeps 1.3.2.1. Midwestern Seepage Meadows Symplocarpus foetidus Herbaceous Vegetation .................................................................................................................................................67 1.3.3. Appalachian and Interior Highlands Seeps 1.3.3.2. Interior Highlands Acid Herbaceous Seeps Carex crinita - Osmunda spp. / Sphagnum spp. Herbaceous Vegetation............................................................................................................69 1.4. OPEN AND EMERGENT MARSHES 1.4.1. Eastern Open and Emergent Marshes 1.4.1.1. Eastern Open Marshes and Ponds Nuphar lutea ssp. advena - Nymphaea odorata Herbaceous Vegetation.............................................................................................................75 Potamogeton spp. - Ceratophyllum spp. Midwest Herbaceous Vegetation ........................................................................................................78 1.4.1.2. Eastern Emergent Marshes Schoenoplectus fluviatilis - Schoenoplectus spp. Herbaceous Vegetation .........................................................................................................86 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani - Typha spp. - (Sparganium spp., Juncus spp.) Herbaceous Vegetation ........................................................88 Typha spp. - Schoenoplectus acutus - Mixed Herbs Midwest Herbaceous Vegetation ......................................................................................89 Typha spp. Midwest Herbaceous Vegetation .....................................................................................................................................................90 1.4.1.3. Great Lakes Coastal Marshes and Complex Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands Complex............................................................................................................................................................92 Potamogeton zosteriformis - Ceratophyllum demersum - Elodea canadensis Southern Great Lakes Shore Herbaceous Vegetation .................95 Typha spp. - Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani - Mixed Herbs Southern Great Lakes Shore Herbaceous Vegetation........................................97 1.5. WET PRAIRIES AND WET MEADOWS 1.5.2. Great Lakes Shores Wet Meadows 1.5.2.1. Great Lakes Interdunal Wetlands Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda / Cladium mariscoides - Juncus balticus - (Rhynchospora capillacea) Herbaceous Vegetation................ 114 1.5.3. Midwestern Wet Prairies and Wet Meadows 1.5.3.1. Midwestern Wet Prairies and Meadows Carex lacustris Herbaceous Vegetation............................................................................................................................................................ 117 Cladium mariscoides - (Carex lasiocarpa, Hypericum kalmianum, Oligoneuron riddellii, Eleocharis elliptica) Herbaceous Vegetation ........ 121 Spartina pectinata - Carex spp. - Calamagrostis canadensis - Lythrum alatum - (Oxypolis rigidior) Herbaceous Vegetation.......................... 124 Spartina pectinata - Carex spp. - Calamagrostis canadensis Lakeplain Herbaceous Vegetation....................................................................... 125 1.6. WOODED SWAMPS AND FLOODPLAINS 1.6.1. Northern (Laurentian) Wooded Swamps and Floodplains 1.6.1.1. Northern Rich Conifer Swamps Larix laricina - Acer rubrum / (Rhamnus alnifolia, Vaccinium corymbosum) Forest ...................................................................................... 159 Pinus strobus - (Acer rubrum) / Osmunda spp. Forest...................................................................................................................................... 161 Thuja occidentalis - (Larix laricina) Seepage Forest ........................................................................................................................................ 162 Tsuga canadensis - Betula alleghaniensis Saturated Forest .............................................................................................................................. 166 1.6.1.3. Northern Rich Shrub Swamps Alnus incana Swamp Shrubland ...................................................................................................................................................................... 170 Alnus serrulata Eastern Shrubland ................................................................................................................................................................... 171
Page 1 and 2: PLANT COMMUNITIES OF THE MIDWEST CL
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS APPENDIX: PLANT COMMUNITY
Page 5 and 6: OVERVIEW APPENDIX: PLANT COMMUNITY
Page 7 and 8: − The USFS (U.S. Forest Service)
Page 9: Box 2. State Natural Heritage progr
Page 13: 2.3.4.4. Interior Highlands Shale G
Page 16 and 17: Acid Peatlands: Northern Shrub/Gram
Page 18 and 19: Rich Peat Fens: Northeastern Rich F
Page 20 and 21: Rich Peat Fens: Midwestern Prairie
Page 22 and 23: Seeps: Midwestern Seepage Meadows S
Page 24 and 25: Open and Emergent Marshes: Eastern
Page 30 and 31: * Nonstandard type (needs review) G
Page 32 and 33: Open and Emergent Marshes: Great La
Page 34 and 35: Wet Prairies and Wet Meadows: Great
Page 36 and 37: Wet Prairies and Wet Meadows: Midwe
Page 38 and 39: Wet Prairies and Wet Meadows: Midwe
Page 40 and 41: Wooded Swamps and Floodplains: Nort
Page 46 and 47: Wooded Swamps and Floodplains: Midw
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Wooded Swamps and Floodplains: Appa
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Wooded Swamps and Floodplains: Sout
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Wooded Swamps and Floodplains: Sout
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Shoreline Sand/Mud Strands, Beaches
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Sphagnum wulfianum, Sphagnum warnst
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Shoreline Sand/Mud Strands, Beaches
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Rocky Shores: Great Lakes Alkaline
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Rocky Shores: Appalachian Highlands
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Rocky Uplands (Glades, Rock Barrens
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DISTRIBUTION: This limestone glade
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DISTRIBUTION: This graminoid shale
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Cliffs, Talus, Buttes and Badlands:
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Forests and Woodlands: Midwestern D
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Forests and Woodlands: Midwestern D
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Forests and Woodlands: Midwestern M
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Forests and Woodlands: Appalachian
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Page 102 and 103:
Forests and Woodlands: Interior Hig
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Savannas and Non-Rock Barrens: Midw
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Savannas and Non-Rock Barrens: Midw
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Prairies/Grasslands: Midwestern San
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Prairies/Grasslands: Midwestern Thi
Page 112 and 113:
Prairies/Grasslands: Midwestern Dee
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