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Wooded Swamps and Floodplains: Southeastern Coastal Plain Riverfront and Levee Bottomland Forests Betula nigra - Platanus occidentalis Forest River Birch - Sycamore Forest River Birch - Sycamore Forest CEGL002086 DESCRIPTION: Betula nigra and Platanus occidentalis are the typical dominants in this type. They are fast-growing (especially young trees), relatively short-lived, and do not tolerate excessive shade at any stage of growth. Betula nigra prefers acid soils and is often the dominant tree found along streams affected by acid mine drainage. A wide range of canopy species are present because, along with common bottomland species (e.g., Ulmus americana, Acer rubrum, Acer negundo, Quercus spp., and Celtis laevigata), mesophytic species from nearby uplands and terraces may be found, including Juglans nigra, Prunus serotina, and Fraxinus americana. A variety of swamp species may be found on more poorly drained sites. Stands are subjected to frequent, fast, short-duration flooding, which contributes to a thin understory. Commonly encountered herbaceous species include Saururus cernuus, Arisaema dracontium, Impatiens capensis, Symphyotrichum ontarionis (= Aster ontarionis), and Pilea pumila. This forest harbors a number of ubiquitous species and tends to extend into and mix with adjacent communities, resulting in numerous transitional variants. Occurrences may have a rather high percentage of standing dead trees. There may be remnant snags from previous earlier successional communities of cottonwood - black willow forests (TNC 1995a). Betula nigra requires soils near field capacity throughout the year but is relatively intolerant of flooding. Platanus occidentalis is also intolerant of flooding during the growing season and will die if the entire tree is inundated for more than two weeks. The absence of this community in the lower Mississippi Alluvial Plain is attributed to this intolerance, as is its most common location on levees of smaller rivers. The community usually is found on the natural levee of the watercourse and, therefore, is slightly elevated from the flats behind the levee. The community is more common along small streams and blackwater streams than along alluvial floodplains, largely because of the higher sustained flow rates of these larger rivers. It is also found along flowages of larger rivers. This community experiences seasonal inundation or groundwater saturation for approximately 12.5-25% of the year, usually during spring and early summer with a frequency of 51-100% (the Zone IV community of Clark and Benforado 1981). Large stream sections with longer flooding durations are more strongly dominated by Betula nigra and Acer saccharinum alone. The smaller streams on narrow floodplains of younger valleys have greater canopy mixtures. COMMENTS: 2, MCS. As currently described, this association and Betula nigra - Platanus occidentalis / Alnus serrulata / Boehmeria cylindrica Forest (CEGL007312) appear to be largely overlapping. These two defined associations need to be reconciled. In Kentucky, this association (CEGL002086) would be found on the northern part of the Daniel Boone National Forest, in contrast to CEGL007312, which is more southern. Other bottomland hardwood communities contain river birch in the canopy but at lower densities. It may be helpful to require that Betula nigra contribute at least 50% (80%) of the tree density to be placed in this community. The community described herein is naturally occurring on minimally to undisturbed sites. CONSERVATION RANK: G5. The community is widespread and common. DISTRIBUTION: This river birch - sycamore forest community is found throughout the eastern United States, ranging from south-central Ohio west to Iowa, south to Arkansas and Mississippi, and east to West Virginia. USFS ECOREGIONS: 221Ea:CCC, 221Ec:CCC, 221Ed:CCP, 221Ef:CCC, 221Eg:CCC, 221Fa:CCC, 221Fc:CCC, 221Ha:CCC, 221Hb:CCC, 221He:CCC, 222Ad:CCP, 222Ae:CCP, 222Af:CCC, 222Ca:C, 222Ch:C, 222En:CCC, 222Eo:CCC, 222Ga:CCC, 222Ha:CCC, 222If:CCC, 231:P, 232:P, 234:P, 251:, M221Cd:CCC, M222:P, M231:P CONSERVATION REGIONS: 36:P, 37:P, 39:C, 42:C, 44:C, 45:C, 48:C, 49:C, 50:C STATES: AR IA IL IN KY MO MS OH OK TN WV PROVINCES: ON MIDWEST HERITAGE SYNONYMY: IL wet floodplain forest (S) + IN wet floodplain forest + MO wet bottomland forest + OH river birch-maple floodplain forest = OTHER SYNONYMY: River Birch - Sycamore (61) (Eyre 1980) =, IIA7b. River Birch - Sycamore Riverfront Forest (Allard 1990) =, Betula nigra - Acer saccharinum / Pilea community (Voigt and Mohlenbrock 1964) =, Acer negundo - Platanus / Rhus [Toxicodendron] radicans community (Voigt and Mohlenbrock 1964) . Perhaps this type should go with CEGL007334, a Platanus type, which has not yet been described for Illinois., River Birch Floodplain Forests (Anderson 1996) =, R13cII4a. Betula nigra - Platanus occidentalis (Foti 1994a) USNVC HIERARCHY: BETULA NIGRA - (PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCE (I.B.2.N.d) PLANT COMMUNITIES OF THE MIDWEST – 2001. APPENDIX: ASSOCIATION DESCRIPTIONS 217
Wooded Swamps and Floodplains: Southeastern Coastal Plain Riverfront and Levee Bottomland Forests Salix nigra Forest Black Willow Forest Black Willow Riparian Forest CEGL002103 DESCRIPTION: The vegetation is a closed-canopy forest dominated by Salix nigra. Associates include Populus deltoides, Planera aquatica, Betula nigra, Platanus occidentalis, Celtis laevigata, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Carya illinoinensis, Diospyros virginiana, Quercus nigra, Cornus drummondii, Ulmus americana, Acer rubrum, Acer negundo, and Acer saccharinum. Shrubs and herbaceous plants are absent to fairly dense. They include Ampelopsis arborea, Mikania scandens, Toxicodendron radicans, Polygonum spp., Erechtites hieraciifolia, Boehmeria cylindrica, Commelina virginica, Phytolacca americana, and Asplenium platyneuron (Central Appalachian Ecoregional Team pers. comm. 1998). Stands occur on the banks of small to large rivers where they are a component of point bar succession. Surface water is present for brief periods during the growing season, but the water table usually lies well below soil surface (Central Appalachian Ecoregional Team pers. comm. 1998). Flooding is typically brief during the growing season. COMMENTS: 3, SCS. This type needs a thorough rangewide assessment to standardize its concept. In Missouri, stands of this nature are included in the Populus deltoides - Salix nigra Forest (CEGL002018). CONSERVATION RANK: G. DISTRIBUTION: The black willow forest type is found widely, but sporadically across the eastern United States, ranging from Ohio west to Iowa, south to Arkansas and Louisiana, east to Florida and North Carolina. USFS ECOREGIONS: 221Ec:CPP, 221Ed:CP, 221Ef:CP, 221Ha:CCC, 221Hb:CCC, 221Hc:CCC, 221He:CCC, 222A:CC, 222En:CCC, 222Eo:CCC, 231G:CC, 251E:CC, 251F:CC, 255A:CC, 255C:CC, 311A:CC, 332E:CC, M221Cd:CCC, M222A:CC, M231A:CC CONSERVATION REGIONS: 31:, 32:C, 33:C, 37:C, 38:P, 39:C, 40:P, 41:C, 42:C, 43:P, 44:C, 50:C, 51:P, 52:, 53:C, 55:P STATES: AL AR FL IA IL IN KY LA NC OH OK TN TX VA WV PROVINCES: ON MIDWEST HERITAGE SYNONYMY: IL wet floodplain forest (S) IN wet floodplain forest OH maple-cottonwood-sycamore floodplain forest OTHER SYNONYMY: USNVC HIERARCHY: SALIX NIGRA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCE (I.B.2.N.d) PLANT COMMUNITIES OF THE MIDWEST – 2001. APPENDIX: ASSOCIATION DESCRIPTIONS 219
Page 1 and 2:
PLANT COMMUNITIES OF THE MIDWEST CL
Page 3 and 4:
CONTENTS APPENDIX: PLANT COMMUNITY
Page 5 and 6:
OVERVIEW APPENDIX: PLANT COMMUNITY
Page 7 and 8:
− The USFS (U.S. Forest Service)
Page 9 and 10:
Box 2. State Natural Heritage progr
Page 11 and 12: INDEX TO ASSOCIATIONS BY ECOLOGICAL
Page 13: 2.3.4.4. Interior Highlands Shale G
Page 16 and 17: Acid Peatlands: Northern Shrub/Gram
Page 18 and 19: Rich Peat Fens: Northeastern Rich F
Page 20 and 21: Rich Peat Fens: Midwestern Prairie
Page 22 and 23: Seeps: Midwestern Seepage Meadows S
Page 24 and 25: Open and Emergent Marshes: Eastern
Page 30 and 31: * Nonstandard type (needs review) G
Page 32 and 33: Open and Emergent Marshes: Great La
Page 34 and 35: Wet Prairies and Wet Meadows: Great
Page 36 and 37: Wet Prairies and Wet Meadows: Midwe
Page 38 and 39: Wet Prairies and Wet Meadows: Midwe
Page 40 and 41: Wooded Swamps and Floodplains: Nort
Page 46 and 47: Wooded Swamps and Floodplains: Midw
Page 60 and 61: Wooded Swamps and Floodplains: Appa
Page 64 and 65: Wooded Swamps and Floodplains: Sout
Page 66 and 67: Shoreline Sand/Mud Strands, Beaches
Page 68 and 69: Sphagnum wulfianum, Sphagnum warnst
Page 70 and 71: Shoreline Sand/Mud Strands, Beaches
Page 72 and 73: Rocky Shores: Great Lakes Alkaline
Page 74 and 75: Rocky Shores: Appalachian Highlands
Page 76 and 77: Rocky Uplands (Glades, Rock Barrens
Page 78 and 79: DISTRIBUTION: This limestone glade
Page 80 and 81: DISTRIBUTION: This graminoid shale
Page 82 and 83: Cliffs, Talus, Buttes and Badlands:
Page 88 and 89: Forests and Woodlands: Midwestern D
Page 90 and 91: Forests and Woodlands: Midwestern D
Page 92 and 93: Forests and Woodlands: Midwestern M
Page 94 and 95: Forests and Woodlands: Appalachian
Page 102 and 103: Forests and Woodlands: Interior Hig
Page 104 and 105: Savannas and Non-Rock Barrens: Midw
Page 106 and 107: Savannas and Non-Rock Barrens: Midw
Page 108 and 109: Prairies/Grasslands: Midwestern San
Page 110 and 111: Prairies/Grasslands: Midwestern Thi
Page 112 and 113:
Prairies/Grasslands: Midwestern Dee
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Ohio subset of Plant Communities of the Midwest ... - NatureServe

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