OECD (2000)

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E1 Labour Force Participation by Level of Educational Attainment to the labour market as those entering the labour market after leaving the education system. They are usually seeking part-time or temporary employment that will fit in with their studies. The choice of the indicator has a noticeable effect on the resulting table. The younger the age group considered, and the higher the average number of years young people spend in the education system in a specific country, the greater is the difference between the two indicators. Table E1.4 shows that differences in statistical approach have significant implications as far as very young people are concerned. At ages from 15 to 19, the unemployment rate concerns only those who have left the education system early, hence the least skilled. Recorded at a time when the most disadvantaged young people are seeking to enter a labour market that is particularly inaccessible to them, unemployment rates are steep, averaging over 20 per cent and in some cases as much as 30 or 40 per cent. But the picture is particularly deceptive if confined to the youngest school-leavers, rather than the age group as a whole. If all 15 to 19 year-olds are considered, youth unemployment amounts to only a few percentage points, 3.5 per cent on average, meaning that the problem is on quite a different scale. During the most common period for entering the labour market, i.e. after the age of 20, unemployment rates for young workers and for the youth population as a whole are still at very different levels. Unemployment rates for those aged 20-24 differ very widely from country to country. At the low end of the scale, they range from 5 to less than 10 per cent (the Czech Republic, Korea, the Netherlands, Portugal, Switzerland and the United States) but are as high as around 30 per cent or more in Finland, Greece, Italy and Spain. In these latter countries, the labour market is particularly hard for young people to enter. Given the high average age of young people when they complete their initial education, those in the labour market at the age of 20 to 24 have either left school very early and belong to the least skilled, or spent little time in the labour market so far. This relative disadvantage is particularly strong in countries such as Finland, where the average school-leaving age is even higher than the OECD average and where almost half of the age group are still in education (see Tables E4.1 and E2.1, discussed in later sections). Taking the unemployed – who are no longer in education – as a proportion of the age group as a whole, the picture appears to be far less serious, and the differences between countries become less clear. Because of its high proportion of students, Finland returns to a moderate rate, even below the OECD average, so that on the whole the employment situation of the 20 to 24-year olds does not seem to be particularly worrying. Otherwise, there is little change in country rankings, although the gaps have narrowed. In most countries, youth unemployment stands no higher than between 5 and 9 per cent of the age group (i.e., the unemployment to population ratio). The highest national figures stand at around 16 per cent. Chart E1.5 shows that one group of countries consistently appears to be present young entrants to the labour market with particular difficulties, whatever the indicator used and the age group considered. This group includes France, Greece, Italy and Spain. Another effect revealed by the use of the new indicator relates to gender. Among 15-29 year-olds, in 12 out of 19 countries, more women are unemployed than men. In many cases, the difference is substantial, particularly when unemployment is generally very high. Yet this is not true of the proportion of unemployed women within the total age group. This indicator demonstrates that unemployed young women account for a higher proportion of the total age group than unemployed young men in only half of the 18 countries reporting © OECD 2000 266
Labour Force Participation by Level of Educational Attainment Chart E1.5. Youth unemployment rate and ratio of unemployed non-students to the total population for 20-24 year-olds (1998) Unemployment rates (%) 35 30 25 20 SWE 15 TUR FIN AUS 10 DNK UKM PRT DEU USA CZE CHE 5 NLD BEL CAN FRA ITA ESP GRC 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Certain countries (particularly France, Greece, Italy and Spain) appear to be in a difficult situation regarding young entrants to the labour market. 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Unemployed non-students to population ratio (%) Source: OECD. data, and that the difference between female and male unemployment is less marked. The proportion of women is often smaller either because they remain in education longer, or because they leave the labour market more or less voluntarily. After the age of 25, the proportion of young people in work predominates. The gap between the unemployment rate and the proportion of unemployed persons in the age group tends to narrow, although levels differ between countries, particularly when people stay in the education system longer and nonemployment is common. Quite a large group of countries have unemployment rates of under 10 per cent, as young people are in a stable situation in the labour market, on average five to six years after leaving the education system. In those countries already mentioned in connection with the 20-24 age group (both Mediterranean and some Nordic countries), young people still find it hard to gain access to the labour market and suffer unemployment rates of over 15 per cent. However, if we look at the unemployed as a proportion of the age group as a whole, the picture changes a little. While Greece, Italy and Spain still display a very high proportion of unemployment, Denmark, Finland and Sweden resemble many other countries and show rates of around 8 per cent. France lies between the two groups. E 1 DEFINITIONS The labour force participation rate for a particular age group is equal to the percentage of individuals in the population of the same age group who are either employed or unemployed, where these terms are defined according to the guidelines of the International Labour Office (ILO). Data are derived from national labour force surveys. © OECD 2000 267
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Education at a Glance OECD INDICATO
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Centre for Educational Research and
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Name of the indic
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INTRODUCTION THE OECD EDUCATION IN
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Introduction ratios and teaching ho
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Introduction Despite progress in at
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HIGHLIGHTS PARTICIPATION AND ATTAI
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Highlights The higher the level of
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Financial and human resources inves
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Learning environment and organisati
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Reader’s Guide education. The Glo
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RELATIVE SIZE OF THE SCHOOL-AGE POP
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Relative Size of the School-age Pop
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Relative Size of the School-age Pop
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Educational Attainment of the Adult
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FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES INVES
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EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE RELATIVE TO
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Educational Expenditure Relative to
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Relative Proportions of Public and
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PUBLIC SUBSIDIES TO HOUSEHOLDS •
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Public Subsidies to Households At t
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Public Subsidies to Households Char
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Public Subsidies to Households Tax
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Public Subsidies to Households Crit
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Public Subsidies to Households Tabl
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Public Subsidies to Households Tabl
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EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE PER STUDENT
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Educational Expenditure per Student
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Educational Expenditure by Resource
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Public Funds by Level of Government
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RATIO OF STUDENTS TO TEACHING STAFF
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Ratio of Students to Teaching Staff
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Ratio of Students to Teaching Staff
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C Access to Education, Participatio
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C1 Overall Participation in Educati
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PARTICIPATION IN AND COMPLETION OF
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C2 Participation in and Completion
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ACCESS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TERT
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C3 Access to and Participation in T
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C4 Completion of and Dropout from T
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C5 Foreign Students in Tertiary Edu
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© OECD 2000 186 Table C5.3. Number
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C6 Students Receiving Additional Re
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C7 Participation in Skill Improveme
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D The Learning Environment and Orga
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D1 Statutory Salaries of Teachers i
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Page 233 and 234: TOTAL INTENDED INSTRUCTION TIME FOR
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Page 243 and 244: DECISION-MAKING ABOUT THE CURRICULU
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Page 249 and 250: COMPUTERS IN SCHOOLS AND THEIR USE
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Page 257 and 258: INDIVIDUAL, SOCIAL AND LABOUR MARKE
Page 259 and 260: LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION BY LEVEL
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Page 275 and 276: Education and Work Among the Youth
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Page 289 and 290: EXPECTED YEARS IN EDUCATION AND WOR
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Page 299 and 300: STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT F International
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F3 4th- and 8th-grade Students’ B
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ANNEX 1 Table X1.1b. Typical gradua
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ANNEX 1 Table X1.2. School years an
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ANNEX 2 Table X2.2. Basic reference
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Annex 3 SOURCES, METHODS AND TECHNI
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Table 1. Description of ISCED-97 le
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Table 3. Sources Statistical agency
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ANNEX 3 INDICATOR B1: Educational e
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ANNEX 3 Czech Republic: Unpublished
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ANNEX 3 or the financial data, as a
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ANNEX 3 General notes Notes on meth
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ANNEX 3 nc courses, with nc > 3, th
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ANNEX 3 • Calculation of age at t
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ANNEX 3 Notes on specific countries
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ANNEX 3 Sources - University surviv
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ANNEX 3 Ireland: Bonuses refer to e
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ANNEX 3 Table 4. Requirements for p
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ANNEX 3 Korea: The School Curriculu
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ANNEX 3 documents applying only to
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Table 5. Sources Frequency Referenc
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Table 6. Sources Reference period f
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ANNEX 3 Table 8. Mean mathematics a
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GLOSSARY CONTINUING EDUCATIO
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Glossary by the school); boarding f
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Glossary tificate, or diploma after
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Glossary programme at the beginning
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Glossary UNEMPLOYED The unemploye
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Contributors to this Publication Ms
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Contributors to this Publication Mr
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OECD (2000)

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